1. The Civil Rights Era
Chapter 26

2. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
In the North
No official segregation but the two rarely mixed
They lived in separate communities
The African Americans faced Prejudice with hiring and housing

3. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
In the South
Segregation was supported by law
Jim Crow Laws enforced separation in schools, hospitals, transportation, theatres and restaurants
1896- Plessy V. Ferguson “Separate but Equal”

5. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
The NAACP challenged laws preventing African Americans from true equality
Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer who attacked segregation according to the Constitution.
His goal was integration

6. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
Baseball was integrated when Jackie Robinson was signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947
In 1948, Truman ordered integration of all units of the Armed Forces

7. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
Segregation in schools was widespread until Oliver and Linda Brown
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Separate but equal is not legal and schools were being forced to integrate

8. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
In Little Rock, Arkansas, there was a problem with forced integration
The governor did not want integration
When 9 African Americans students went to school, the State National Guard was keep the students out
Eisenhower sent Federal Troops in to enforce the integration

9. Little Rock

10. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
On Dec 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white rider. (Montgomery, Alabama)
The driver had Parks arrested

11. Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
All African Americans boycotted the busses the day of Park’s trial
Martin Luther King Jr. urged the African Americans to boycott the busses the day of Park’s trial.
The boycott lasted 381 days until the Supreme Court ruled “Bus Segregation” was unconstitutional

12. An expanding role for the government
In 1953, President Eisenhower appoints Earl Warren to the Supreme Court thinking he would be conservative
He was NOT conservative

13. An expanding role for the government
1966-Miranda v. Arizona
Ended with Miranda rights-Advising arrested persons of their legal rights
Tinker v. Des Moines School District
Freedom of Speech

14. An expanding role for the government
The Judicial Branch began Judicial Activism
Laws were overturned if they were unfair, past decisions did not matter

15. An expanding role for the government
JFK was elected in 1960
The youngest person ever elected
He called on Congress to end poverty, fighting disease, ensure justice
Congress rejected most democratic proposals

16. An expanding role for the government
Nov 23, Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas
Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested
People were shocked

17. An expanding role for the government
Lyndon Johnson became President and was elected again the next year
He grew up in Texas, taught Mexicans American, supported FDR
He set out to make economic and social reforms
He enacted more laws
Worked on a civil rights law

18. An expanding role for the government
This began his “War on Poverty”
Economic Opportunity Act attacked the causes of poverty
Welfare, department of housing and urban development

19. An expanding role for the government
Medicare to help people over 65 pay their medical bill
Medicaid- provided money to assist poor who were not covered by Medicare
He expanded the role of government

20. Civil rights movement cont’
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in civil disobedience
He believed in nonviolence and was a Baptist Minister
He got his ideas from Mohandas Gandhi
He helped to found Southern Christian Leadership Conference

21. Civil rights movement cont’
Sit in’s began as a tool to protest segregation
Freedom rides set out to the South to integrate bus stations before being attacked in Alabama

22. Civil rights movement cont’
The SCLC began mass protests in Birmingham, Alabama
Although it was peaceful, dogs, fire hoses and cattle prods were used
The city agreed to desegregate public facilities

23. Civil rights movement cont’
After this, JFK sent Congress a Civil Rights Bill
Civil rights leaders marched on the capital and King Jr. made his “I have a dream” speech

24. Civil rights movement cont’
Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress
It banned discrimination
In 1964, volunteers set out to register African American voters
3 volunteers were found murdered. People were beaten, shot and churches were bombed

25. Civil rights movement cont’
March Mass protest in Alabama
Tear gas, clubs and whips were used on the people as the public watched on television
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

26. Civil rights movement cont’
Some people grew impatient and turned into militant leaders
Malcolm X called on African Americans to completely separate from white society
He later spoke of an “Honest white-black brotherhood”

27. Civil rights movement cont’
Stokely Carmichael argued that African American should fight back if attacked, no more nonviolence
“Black Power”

28. Civil rights movement cont’
In 1965-There was urban discontent
In Watts, LA, citizens were angered by the police so they burned cars, looted stores, 1000 people were killed or injured.
Over 2 years, this happened in dozens of other cities
April 4, 1965, King was assassinated

29. Civil rights movement cont’
African Americans had a greater role in the political process
There was also new “Affirmative Action” programs

30. Other Americans seeking rights
Although women had the right to vote, they had a long way to go to get equality.
Betty Friedam wrote The Feminine Mystique about women’s role in society.

31. Other Americans seeking rights
She founded the National Organization for Women, its goal was equality
The NOW campaigned for the equal rights amendment- which would forbid sex discrimination
Many people, both men and women opposed this amendment

32. Other Americans seeking rights
1963- Equal Pay Act
Women were elected to city councils, state legislature and the US Congress

33. Other Americans seeking rights
Mexican Americans were also subject to discrimination
1954- Brown v. Board of Education
Hernandez v. Texas- Said excluding Mexican Americans from juries was illegal

34. Other Americans seeking rights
In Cesar Chavez helped to form a labor union- United Farm Workers wanted to gain higher wages
He used non violent protests
Voting Rights Act of Bilingual Elections

35. Other Americans seeking rights
Native Americans
Americans Indian movement protested federal policy
1958- American Association of Retired Persons to promote health insurance for retired Americans

36. Other Americans seeking rights
Disability rights accommodations
Reserved parking, ramps, wheelchair lifts, Braille buttons
The Education for Handicapped Act
1990-The Americans with Disabilities Act