1. 1.Materials and Preparation. 2.Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling Aleksandra Różek Maria Zator MEMBRANE SEPARATION

2. MATERIALS

5. STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS

6. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS STEREOISOMERISM MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHAIN INTERACTIONS STATE OF THE POLYMERS EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON Tg THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

7. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS -H 2 C=CHR STEREOISOMERISM

8. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS MOLECULAR WEIGHT nininini MiMiMiMi Histogram demonstrating a possible molecular weight distribution in a polymer Number average molecular weight Weight average molecular weight

9. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS CHAIN INTERACTIONS Average values of strenght of primary and secondary forces

10. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS STATE OF THE POLYMERS glassy state rubbery state Log E TgT Tensile modulus E as a function of the temperature for an amorphous polymer TENSILS MODULUS E THE FORCE APPLIED ACROSS AN AREA A NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A GIVEN DEFORMATION E [N/m 2 ] THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE T g THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH TRANSITION FROM THE GLASSY TO THE RUBBERY STATE OCCURS

11. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS STATE OF THE POLYMERS glassy state rubbery state VsVs TgT Free volume Specific volume and free volume as a function of temperature FREE VOLUME THE VOLUME UNOCCUPIED BY THE MACROMOLECULES Free volume

12. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON T g  CHAIN FLEXIBILITY oTHE CHARACTER OF MAIN CHAIN oTHE PRESENCE AND NATURE OF THE SIDE CHAINS OR SIDE GROUP  CHAIN INTERACTION a b c TgTg TmTm T log E glassy state rubbery state Tensile modulus of a semi-crystalline polymers as a function of temperature

13. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS  THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY FACTORS WHICH LEAD TO INCREASE TERMAL STABILITY ALSO INCREASE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY  THOSE THAT INCREASE T g AND T m  THOSE THAT INCREASE THE CRYSTALLINITY

14. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STR: 44 I 45

15. THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS SOFT BLOCK FLEXIBLE AMORPHOUS LOW T g HARD BLOCK RIGIN CRYSTALLINE/GLASSY HIGH T g SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF SO-CALLED-(AB) n -BLOCK COPOLYMER

16. POLYELECTROLYTES COUNTER ION FIXED ION -CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH- R+A-R+A- R+A-R+A- R-A+R-A+ R-A+R-A+ POLYMERIC SUPPORT R= -NR 3 + R= -SO 3 - -COO - CATION-EXCHANGE ANION-EXCHANGE

17. MEMBRANE POLYMERS DEFINICJA

19. METAL: ALUMINIUM TITANIUM SILICIUM ZIRCONIUM NON-METAL: OXIDE NITRIDE CARBIDE γ-Al 2 O 3, ZrO 2 SiO 2 PROPERTIES TERMAL STABILITY CHEMICAL STABILITY MECHANICAL STABILITY AlO 4,SiO 4

20. Mainly made of metal oxides (ceramics)such a silica, alumina or oxides of Titanium, Zirconium or Magnesium As well in glass, carbon or metal Expensive (5 to 10 times) High chemical resistance Withstand high temperatures Low selectivity Fragile Made of polymers or polymer blends Low cost Problems with their mechanical, chemical resistance Temperature pH, Solvents Pressure

21. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

22. STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANES

23. PREPARATION

24. MEMEBRANES PREPARATON

30. 1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT 2.THE POLYMER SOLUTION IS CAST ON A SUITABLE SUPPORT (POROUS OR NONPOROUS) 3.SOLVENT IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE IN AN INTER ATMOSPHERE 4. ALLOWING THE DENSE MEMBRANES TO BE OBTINED

31. 1. A CAST FILM (POLYMER AND SOLVENT) IS PLACED IN A VAPOUR ATMOSPHERE OF A NONSOLVENT SATURATED IN THE SAME SOLVENT 3.NONSOLVENT START PENETRATE THE CAST FILM 4.THE CAST FILM IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE 2. THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION IN THE VAPOUR PHASE PREVENTS THE EVAPORATION OF SOLVENT FROM THE CAST FILM

32. 1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A MIXTURE OF SOLVENT AND NONSOLVENT 2.SINCE THE SOLVENT IS MORE VOLATILE THAN NONSOLVENT,THE COMPOSITION SHIFTS DURING EVAPORATION TO HIGHER NONSOLVENT AND POLYMER CONTENT

33. 1.A SOLUTION OF POLYMER INA MIXED OR SINGLE SOLVENT IS COOLED TO ENABLE PHASE SEPARATION TO OCCURE 2. THE SOLVENT EVAPORATE FROM MEMBRANE AND POROUS OCCUR

34. 1. POLYMER SOLUTION IS CAST ON THE SUITABLE SUPPORT 2. POLYMER SOLUTION IS IMMERSED IN A COAGULATION BATH CONTAINING NONSOLVENT

36. top layer porous support (polyester) non- woven permeate channel

37. Interfaced polymerisation 1.Polymerisation reaction occurs between two very reactive monomers at the interface of two immiscible solvents 2.The support layer is immersed in an aqueous solution containing a reactive monomer 3.Then film is immersed in the second bath containing a water-immiscible solvent In which another reactive monomer has been dissolved 4.The two reactive monomers, react with each other to form a dense polymeric toplayer

38. Dip-coating 1. An asymmetric membrane, is immersed in the coating solution, Containing the polymer and monomer 2.The concentration of the solute in the solution being low 3.When the asymmetric membrane is removed from the bath containing the coating material and the solvent, a thin layer of solution adheres to it 4.The film is then put in an oven,where the solvent evaporates and where crosslinking also occurs

39. Plasma polymerisation 1.The plasma being obtained by the ionisation of a gas by means of an electrical discharge at high frequencies up to 10 MHz 2.On entering the reactor the gas is ionised 3.The reactants are supplied separately to the reactor 4.All kinds of radicals will be formed through colisions with the ionised gas, which are capable of reeacting with each other 5.the resulting products will precipitate when their molecular weight becomes to high

40. Modification of homogeneous dense membranes Modification can drastically change intrinsic properties of materials, Especially when the ionic groups are introduced