1. The 17th Century Literature
The 18th Century English Literature
First Part: The Age of Johnson 
Second Part: 18th Century Novel and Drama
(The 18th Century Literature)
Lecture 11
History of English Literature
MA ENGLISH
COMSATS Virtual Islamabad

2. Introduction to the previous sessions
The 17th Century Literature
Introduction to the previous sessions
18th Century Literature
Division of Age
Novel in 18th century (Introduction)
Drama in 18th century (Introduction)
The age of Pope
Poetry
Prose
Eminent figures during this age

3. The 17th Century Literature
The age of Johnson
After his death, the Classical spirit in English literature began to give place to the Romantic spirit
Officially the Romantic Age started from the year 1798 when Wordsworth and Coleridge published the famous Lyrical Ballads.

4. (a) Poets of the Age of Johnson
The 17th Century Literature
(a)  Poets of the Age of Johnson
An age of transition and experiment which ultimately led to the Romantic Revival
Johnson broke the classical tradition and followed the romantic trends

5. The 17th Century Literature
Classicism
Product of intelligence
Deficient in emotion and imagination
Town poetry
No love for mysterious supernatural elements
Didactic
Insisted writers to follow the prescribed rules and imitate the standard model of writing

6. The 17th Century Literature
Romanticism
Encouraged emotions, passions and imagination
Nature
Romantic spirit– love of the mysterious, the supernatural
Simple and natural forms of expression
Liberty of the poet in terms of choosing themes and manners of writing

7. The 17th Century Literature
Goldsmith
Believed that classical standards of writing poetry were the best
Works:
The traveller
The Deserted Village
Classical in spirit
Didactic
Last work of artificial 18th century Literature
Touches of new age Romanticism
Treatment of nature and rural life

8. Poets of the Age of Johnson
The 17th Century Literature
Poets of the Age of Johnson
James Thomson
Thomas Gray
William Collins
James
Macpherson
William Blake
Robert Berns
William Cowper
George Crabbe

9. The 17th Century Literature
Thomas Gray
1. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Manifestation of deep feelings of the poet and emotions
Theme of death
2. The Progress of Poesy
3. The Bard (more original and romantic…Independence of the poet
His poems--- follow the classical model in form but their spirit is romantic

10. The 17th Century Literature
William Collins
Oriental Eclogues
Romantic in feeling but written in classical tradition
Ode to simplicity
Ode To fear
Ode To the passion
How sleep the Brave
Ode to Evening
Focus on nature

11. The 17th Century Literature
James Macpherson
Works of Ossian
Translations of Gaelic folk literature

12. The 17th Century Literature
William Blake
Complete break from classical poetry
His works:
Songs of Innocence
Songs of Experience
Contains poems ---- Little Lamb who made thee?
Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright
The book of The
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

13. The 17th Century Literature
Robert Burns
Greatest song writer in English language
Great lover of nature
Works:
The Cotter`s Saturday Night
To a mouse
To a Mountain Daisy
Man was Made to Mourne
Elizabethan touch in most of his songs

14. The 17th Century Literature
William Cowper
Works:
The Task
On the Receipt of My Mother`s Picture
Alexander Selkirk
Translation of Homer in blank verse
Natural elements

15. The 17th Century Literature
George Crabbe
Between the Augustans and Romantics
In form----classic
In temper----romantic
Works:
The Village
The Parish Register
The Borough
Tales in Verse
tales of the Hall

16. Prose of the age of Johnson
The 17th Century Literature
Prose of the age of Johnson
The tradition made by the writers of the earlier part of the 18th century-----Addison, Steele and Swift—was carried out.
18th century is called the age of aristocracy
Well known writers:
Johnson
Bruke
Gibbon

17. Samuel Johnson Works: Literary dictator of this age
Struggled against poverty and ill-health
Very kind helpful to the poor
Works:
Dictionary and Lives of Poets
The Rambler
The Idler
Rasselas

18. Edmund Burke Member of Parliament for 30 years Political philosopher
Works:
Thoughts on the Present Discontent
On American Taxation (Speech)
On Conciliation with America (Speech)
The Reflection on the French Revolution
Universality
Full of enthusiasm
Fearless

19. The 17th Century Literature
Edward Gibbon
First historian in England who wrote in literary manner.
Works:
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Authoritative and well-documented history

20. The 17th Century Literature
Letters and Diaries
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu`s Letter.
Lord Chesterfield's Letters to his son
The diaries of Samuel Pepys (Describing the period between 1660 and 1669)
John Evelyn`s diaries

21. Summary of the Lecture (First Part)
The age of Johnson
Poets in the age of Johnson
Prose in the age of Johnson
Letters and Diaries
Transition period from Classical thoughts to Romantic thoughts

22. Introduction to the previous Part (The age of Johnson)
The 17th Century Literature
Introduction to the previous Part (The age of Johnson)
The age of Johnson
Poets
Prose writers
Diaries and Letters

23. Second part of Lecture 18th Century Novel and Drama
The 17th Century Literature
Second part of Lecture 18th Century Novel and Drama
Background
The age of enlightenment
18th Century Novel
18th Century Drama
Important figures

24. The Age of Enlightenment
18th Century England:
After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively peaceful development. The“Glorious Revolution" of 1688 ended and England became a constitutional monarchy.
The 18th century England witnessed unprecedented technical innovations which equipped industry with steam, and new tools, and rapid growth of industry and commerce. This is called the Industrial Revolution.
Great changes also took place in rural England. With the Enclosure Movement ,the majority of peasants were ruined, driven off their land, went to the cities and became workers.

25. The Enlightenment in Europe:
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.

26. Classicism
an attitude to literature that is guided by admiration of the qualities of formal balance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature. As a literary doctrine, classicism holds that writers must be governed by rules, models, or conventions, rather than by inspiration. Neoclassicism required the observance of rules derived from Aristotle’s Poetics and Horace’s Ars Poetica.
Addison, Steele and Pope belonged to the school of classicism. The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Rimed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of time, place and action. Poetry, following the ancient divisions.

27. The Rise of the English Novel
The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes’s "Don Quixote" ( ). The modern English novel began two centuries later, in the l8th century. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature.
Swift’s "Gulliver’s Travels“, Defoe’s “ Robinson Crusoe”
Richardson’s " Pamela”, "Clarissa" and "Sir Charles Grandison".
Fielding’s novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of English society. Fielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.
Another 18th century novelist of the realistic school was Smollett, the author of “ Roderick Random". and "Humphry Clinker."
The new element of sentiment or sensibility was added to the novel by Sterne whose “Tristram Shandy" was the strangest novel in English Literature.

28. Introduction
Birth of the "Novel", with its associations of newness and originality, occurs in the eighteenth century. Before that there had been forms of long and continuous narrative prose, but it was only in the 1720s that we begin to see the emergence of a recognisable "Novel" form, i.e, concerned with the realistic depiction of middle class life, values and experience, showing the development of individual (and individuated) characters, over time.
Contrast with the forms of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama (concerned either with the Aristocracy, or with gratuitous investigation of low-life). In terms of the subsequent development of the novel, ie. the Realist 19th Century novel, the period of the eighteenth century is a mixture of consolidation and experimentation, either establishing foundations, or of experimenting with new possibilities. (epistolary form, confession, rogue biography, anti-romance, picaresque, moral tract, etc)

29. The major novelists Daniel Defoe Samuel Richardson Henry Fielding
Tobias Smollett
Laurence Sterne

30. Daniel Defoe (Novelist)
3.1. Brief Introduction of Defoe
Daniel Defoe ( ) was born in London, the son of a butcher. As a merchant, Defoe had seen ups and downs in his business. He became bankrupt in Within four years, he was doing well again, as the manager of a tile factory. He remained in fairly prosperous circumstances until he was ruined, in 1703, by his imprisonment. Defoe was a kind of jack-of -all -trades. He was a merchant, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, publicist and novelist.

31. Daniel Defoe Works: Robinson Crusoe A Journal of the Plague Year
Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain
Robinson Crusoe
A Journal of the Plague Year
Moll Flanders
Roxana

32. Samuel Richardson Works: Clarissa: or, the History of a Young Lady
Pamela
Clarissa: or, the History of a Young Lady
The History of Sir Charles Grandison

33. Henry Fielding Works: The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews
An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews
The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great
Amelia

34. Tobias Smollett Works: The Adventures of Roderick Random
The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle
The Expedition of Humphry Clinker

35. Laurence Sterne Works: Tristram Shandy
Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

36. Eighteenth Century Drama
Dramatic literature was not of high order
Reason of decline:
Licensing Act of 1737 which curtailed the freedom of expression of dramatists
Good writers left theatre

37. Tragedy Influence of romantic and classic traditions Romantic:
Elizabethan way of writing
Violence and horror on the open stage
Classical
French traditions of writing tragedies
Unfolding of a single action without any sub-plot
Works:
Otway`s Venice Preserved
Addison`a Cato
James Thomson`s Sophonishba
Dr. Johnson`s Irene

38. Comedy Steele: Goldsmith Richard Brinsley Sheridan The Funeral
The Laying Lover
The Tender Husband
The Conscious Lovers
Goldsmith
The Vicar of Wakefield
The Deserted Village
She Stoops to Conquer
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
The Rivals
The School for Scandal

39. REFERENCES A critical history of English literature by David Daiches
A critical history of English literature by Dr. Mullik

40. Thank you!!!!