1. Reproduction & Embryology

2. Advantage of Sexual Reproduction
Adds variety

3. Spermatogenesis Occurs in testes Prompted by testosterone
Creates 4 cells

4. Sperm

5. Oogenesis Ovaries make eggs
Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the sight of fertilization
Uterus houses the growing baby

6. Oogenesis Occurs in ovaries
Born with a finite number of primary oocytes
Creates 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

7. Timeline

8. Fertilization The sperm approaches the egg
The sperms acrosome opens and the enzymes eat away at the egg
Proteins on the sperm bind with proteins on the egg
The cell membranes of the sperm and egg fuse
The sperms nucleus enters the egg / A fertilization envelop forms, blocking out additional sperm (can be in either order happen at the same time)
The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse, creating the zygote

10. Alternative forms of fertilization1
ZIFT A
Injection of sperm nucleus into a egg followed by implantation of the embryo into the uterus. 2
GIFT B
Insertion of sperm into the fallopian tube. 3
ICSI C
Mixing of sperm and egg in a petri dish followed by the insertion of the embryo into the fallopian tube. 4
Artificial Insemination D
Mixing of sperm and egg in a petri dish followed by the implantation of the embryo into the uterus. 5
IVF E
Insertion of sperm and egg into the fallopian tube.
Video on IVF & ICSI

11. Karyotyping How many chromosomes are in a healthy male?
 How many pairs are in a healthy male?
 How many of those pairs are homologous?

12. Karyotyping & Disease A 46
Male
Healthy

13. Karyotyping & Disease B
Female 46
Healthy

14. Karyotyping & Disease C
Male 47
Klinefelters

16. Karyotyping & Disease D
Female 45
Turners

18. Karyotyping & Disease E
Female 47
Downs
Syndrome

19. Karyotyping Down syndrome results in what chromosomal mutation?
In what PAIR of chromosomes do most chromosomal mutations occur?
Many chromosomal mutations are caused by nondisjunction. Use the internet or your text to answer: What is nondisjunction?

20. Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate during: Anaphase 1

21. Gestation
Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

24. Gestation – week 1 Cleavage – cell cycle without growth
Solid ball of cells
Fertilized egg
Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula
Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

25. STEM CELLS

26. What is a stem cell? What is a stem cell and how does it get its name?
What does differentiate mean?

27. What are the different types of stem cells?
Early Embryonic Stem Cells
morula or younger
totipotent
Blastocyst Embryonic Stem Cells
inner cell mass of blastula
Pluripotent
Fetal Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
Multipotent
Adult Stem Cells

28. The University of Kansas

29. The University of Kansas

30. Where do we get human embryos?
Donated embryos from fertility clinics
Therapeutic Cloning
nfocus/stemcells/stemcells.html

31. ScienceNow – Stem Cell Primer (15:00)
Videos on Stem Cell Therapies
Cerebral Palsy Disease Treatment using Cord Blood Stem Cells (5:00)
Breakthrough: Alternative to Embryonic Cells, reprogramming Skin Cells (2:30)
Organ Regeneration using adult stem cells (2:20)

32. CLONING & STEM CELLS 3 Types of cloning:
DNA cloning – just copying pieces of DNA
Used in forensics could be used in gene therapy or engineering
Reproductive cloning – copying an entire organism (Like Dolly the sheep)
Used to bring back pets, endangered species
Therapeutic cloning – copying cells, tissues or organs
Used to create therapies
AKA – stem cell research

33. CLONING & STEM CELLS Stem Cell Research
As an organism develops its cells take on a genetic destiny. Because of this the later in life you harvest stem cells the less potential they have.
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Current therapies are in place using multipotent stem cells but not totipotent.

34. Gestation
Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

35. Gestation – week 1 Cleavage – cell cycle without growth
Solid ball of cells
Fertilized egg
Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula
Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

36. Gestation Did you get this from the movie too…
Cleavage = division without growth
Morula is solid while blastula is hollow
Implantation occurs at day 7 in endometrium of uterus

37. Formation of Twins There are two major types of twins: Fraternal Twins
Result from two eggs and two sperm
Dizygotic twins
Identical Twins
Result from one egg and one sperm
Monozygotic twins

38. Gestation
Let’s continue onward through gestation and watch the Embryo Take Shape…

39. Gastrulation Gastrulation – Cell movement and differentiation
Results in a gastrula
A gastrula is a hollow ball with 3 distinct germ layers.

40. Gastrula

41. Gastrulation Endoderm / Inner Layer
Becomes the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder
Mesoderm / Middle Layer
Becomes most organs including the skeleton, muscles and blood.
Ectoderm / Outer Layer
Becomes the skin and nervous system

42. Gestation Did you get this from the movie too…
Nervous system is the first to form!
Heart is the first organ to function!

43. Gestation
Moving on, let’s see how the chromosomes we inherit sculpt who we become in Messages In Our Genes…

44. Gestation Boys vs Girls!
Boys = XY
Girls = XX
SRY gene is on the y chromosome and is activated at 6 weeks. It causes testosterone to be made resulting in testes (male)

45. Embryo Or Fetus? Embryo Fetus Less than 8 weeks old
What’s the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
Embryo
Fetus
Less than 8 weeks old
Organ systems forming
Looks like a ball of cells
More than 8 weeks old
All organ systems present
Looks like a tiny human

46. Gestation
Now that we have seen a little about how the embryo forms into the fetus, let’s examine how it interacts with the mother in Feeding the Growing Fetus…

47. How does the placenta work?
The placenta starts to form after implantation
The placenta allows the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood to come in very close contact so that they can exchange:
Food
Oxygen
Waste Products
The mother and baby’s blood DO NOT MIX!

48. Placenta Formation

49. The embryo & fetus’s life line…
There are three important embryonic membranes that will give rise to structures that will support it as it grows.
Embryonic Membrane
Structure
Function
Chorion
Placenta
Exchange food, oxygen and waste products
Amnion
Amniotic Sac
Protection, ease of development
Yolk Sac
Eventually dissolves
Provides early blood and germ cells (gametes)

50. First Trimester Month 1 Month 2 & Month 3
Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation, Gastrulation
HCG (hormone) is produced signaling pregnancy
Month 2 & Month 3
Nervous system is the first organ system to form.
Heart develops and is the first organ to begin working.
All other organ systems begin to form.
Placenta forms and the umbilical cord connects mother and embryo.

51. First Trimester

52. Second Trimester Month 4, 5 & 6
Acessory organs form. (Nails, eyelashes, eyebrows)
Baby moves (can suck its thumb, kick and punch)
Doctors can tell if it is a boy or girl
Mother can feel baby moving
Skin is covered by soft hair
lungs begin to develop
The 2nd trimester is marked by continued
organ development

53. Second Trimester

54. Third Trimester Let’s take a look at The Third Trimester…
Months 7, 8 and 9
Organs continue to develop
Starts to gain fat
Skin develops

55. Labor Dilation Expulsion Afterbirth Oxytocin is released causing:
Contractions to begin
Cervix to dilate
baby’s head pushed down
amniotic sac bursts (water breaks)
Expulsion
Cervix is fully dilated (10cm)
Contractions occur every 1-2 minutes
The child is delivered
Afterbirth
The placenta (afterbirth) is delivered