1. Formal Concept Analysis used for object-oriented software modelling
Wolfgang Hesse FB Mathematik und Informatik, Univ. Marburg

2. Contents
1 The role of concepts in software development
2 OO modelling: Aspects, methods and open questions
3 Bridging the gap between use case analysis and class & object modelling
4 FCA used for "crossing perspectives"
5 Other SE applications of FCA
6 Resume
References

3. 1 The role of concepts in software development
Software development methods support the complex task of .. gathering and analysing requirements
.. designing and structuring the software system
.. implementing (i.e. programming and integrating) the system
.. operating and improving the system
Modelling is the central task for finding the adequate system structure to fulfill the requirements
Object-oriented modelling builds on concepts formed during analysis of the application domain and to be maintained during system design & implementation

4. The SW development cycle (acc. to the EOS* model)
Analysis
Use & Operations
Use environment
Development environment
Design
Implementation
planning, analytic activities
synthetic, verifying activities
* (for Evolutionary, Object-oriented
Software development)

5. Design & architectural concepts Test & integration concepts
Concepts everywhere …
Business concepts
Use & user concepts
Maintenance concepts
Domain concepts
Analysis
Use & Operations
System concepts
Process concepts
Design
Implementation
Design & architectural concepts
Test & integration concepts
Programming concepts

6. Citations on concepts …
James Rumbaugh: "The objects in the model should be application-domain concepts ... ."
James Martin und James Odell: "Object types are important, because they create conceptual building blocks for designing systems. [...] An object type is a concept."
Grady Booch: "Key abstractions are the classes and objects that form the vocabulary of the problem domain."
 Use Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to form and evaluate the concepts needed for software development

7. 2 Object-oriented modelling: Aspects and methods
Aspects of OO modelling
behavioural
structural
ontological
OO methods:
support building an OO model and bringing together various aspects.
Recent, popular methods
start with use cases ( behavioural aspect),
recommend to detect objects & classes ( structural aspect),
according to the intentions of system users and owners ( ontological aspect).

8. From use cases to classes & objects

9. From use cases to classes & objects (2)
Open questions:
Are use cases (formulated in user language) appropriate for finding a good class & object structure? Are there promising alternatives?
Where do the candidates for classes & objects come from? Are they already "contained" or "hidden" in the use cases?
Is the object list (I. Jacobson) an appropriate "medium"?
What are the criteria to choose between class candidates? How can we compare alternative class models?
Is all this so easy as some authors suggest?
 ".. objects are there just for the picking." (B. Meyer in [Mey 88])

10. Example of a use case diagram
Wine trade business
Receive order
Process order
<<include>>
Determine inv. stock
Clerk
Order missing products
<<include>>
<<include>>
Create deliv. instructions
A ‘use case model’ combines all the use cases of a system and at the top level helps to visualise the context of the system and its boundary.
The diagram notation used for expressing the use case model is defined in the UML. Actors are classes, notated in their simplest form as stick figures with an instance name (or class box). Ellipses represent the different use cases and have an identifier naming them. Also the whole name is given a name. Lines identify the associations between actors and use cases.
In this model an actor, for example a ‘clerk’ in a model of a bank system, can be associated with an number of different cases, e.g. ‘counter transaction’, ‘cheque clearing’, ‘audit’ and more than one actor with one use case e.g. ‘customer’ and ‘operator’ in a ‘stuck_item’ use case in the recycling machine example.
The identification of each use case requires a detailed consideration of the system’s requirements. A systematic approach representing the different use cases will be presented on the next slide.
Process inc. delivery
Define max. & min. stock quantity
Process delivery
results

11. Formal Concept Analysis (FCA)
A theory for formally describing concepts and their relationships
Formal Context (G, M, I ): G (formal) objects ("things") M (formal) attributes I G M Incidence relation
AI := { m  M | g I m for all g  A } the set of attributes common to all objects in A
BI := { g  G | g I m for all m  B } the set of objects that have all attributes from B
Formal Concept (A, B) with A  G, B  M and AI = B und BI = A . A the extent of a concept B the intent of a concept
Sub- / super concept relation (A, B) ≤ (C, D)
iff A  C ( D  B )

12. 3 Bridging the gap: The BASE approach
Use cases
describe functionality
handle "things" of the domain
"Things"
are marked by the domain experts,
may occur as classes, objects, attributes, roles, etc. .. in the forthcoming class model.
Our FCA view:
"Things"  formal objects Use cases  formal features

13. Resulting line diagram

14. Crossing perspectives via FCA
Functional perspective (Use cases)
general
special
...
particular
...
Data perspective ("Things")
common

15. Crossing perspectives via FCA (2)
Most general use cases stand top-most.
Special use cases stand lower in the diagram.
 Upper part shows use case hierarchy (functional perspective)
Most common "things" (class candidates?) stand bottom-most.
Particular "things" (class attributes?) stand higher in the diagram
 Lower part shows "things" hierarchy (data perspective)
Typical questions resulting from FCA analysis:
Why is thing X so high in the diagram? Shouldn't it lie in the scope of use case Y?
Why is (sub-) use case X so low in the diagram? Shouldn't its scope comprise thing Y?
Is node X is good class candidate? Are its sub-nodes good candidates for (OO-) attribute, its super-nodes for (OO-) operations?

16. Alternative approaches
Other possible associations with FCA categories
classes  formal objects attributes & operations  formal features
( e.g. Godin et al. 1998, Snelting & Tip 2000)
 But: In our case we analyse a forthcoming (not an existing) class structure! It is just our goal to find classes, attributes and operations !
use cases  formal objects "Things"  formal features
 is a reasonable alternative, - equivalent from a mathematical point of view, - even more "natural" from the use case point of view,
- ... but less "natural" from an overall SE point of view:  functional perspective should be on top of data perspective

17. Further analyses Implication analysis:.
All use cases covering thing X cover thing Y as well.
 Is this an indicator of a possible use case refinement?
Block relation analysis:
Try to fill up the incidence table in such a way that blocks (rectangles with a total incidence relation) are formed.
 Each block can be considered as a candidate for a system component (I.e. as a collection of coherent concepts)

19. Conclusions
FCA supports building class & object models from use case descriptions by exposing class candidates, their attributes and operations.
Choice between class candidates is done interactively - no automated decisions.
FCA analysis illuminates both functional and data perspectives of classes & objects.
Implication analysis supports refinement of functional decomposition.
Block relation analysis supports modularisation and component structure.
FCA is a good basis for the discourse between system owners, users and developers.
BASE tool generates concept lattices, suggestions for functional refinement, modularisation and plausibility checks.
Additional effort for applying FCA analysis and the BASE tool is marginal.

21. References
[Düw 00] S. Düwel: BASE- ein begriffsbasiertes Analyseverfahren für die Software-Entwicklung, Disser-tation, Universität Marburg 2000,
[D-H 98] S. Düwel, W. Hesse: Identifying Candidate Objects During System Analysis, Proc. CAiSE'98/IFIP 8.1 3rd Int. Workshop on Evaluation of Modeling Methods in System Analysis and Design (EMMSAD'98), Pisa 1998
[D-H 00] S. Düwel, W. Hesse: Bridging the gap between Use Case Analysis and Class Structure Design by Formal Concept Analysis. In: J. Ebert, U. Frank (Hrsg.): Modelle und Modellierungssprachen in Informatik und Wirtschaftsinformatik. Proc. "Modellierung 2000", pp , Fölbach-Verlag, Koblenz 2000
[D-H 03] S. Düwel, W. Hesse: BASE – ein begriffsbasiertes Analyseverfahren für die Software-Entwicklung. in: K. Lengnink et. al (Hrsg.) Mathematik für Menschen, Festschrift f. R. Wille, TU Darmstadt 2003
[G-W 98] B. Ganter, R. Wille: Formal Concept Analysis, Mathematical Foundation, Springer 1998
[GMM+ 98] R. Godin et al.: Design of class hierarchies based on concept (Galois) lattices. Theory and Apllication of Object Systems (TOPAS) 4(2), pp , 1998
[Jac 93] I. Jacobson: Object-Oriented Software Engineering - A Use Case Driven Approach; Revised Printing, Addison- Wesley 1993
[Lin 95] C. Lindig: Komponentensuche mit Begriffen, Proceedings Software­technik '95, Braunschweig, S , Oktober 1995
[Lin 98] C. Lindig: Analyse von Softwarevarianten, Informatik-Bericht 98‑04, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Januar 1998

22. References (cont'd)
[L-S 97] C. Lindig, G. Snelting: Assessing Modular Structure of Legacy Code Based on Mathematical Concept Analysis, Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 97), Bo­ston, USA, pp ; 1997
[L-S 00] C. Lindig, G. Snelting: Formale Begriffsanalyse im Software Engineering. In: [S-W 00]
[M-O 92] J. Martin, J. Odell: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design. Prentice Hall 1992
[Mey 88] B. Meyer: Object oriented software construction. Prentice Hall 1988
[Sne 96] G. Snelting: Reengineering of configurations based on mathemati­cal concept analysis, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 5(2), pp , April 1996
[S-T 00] G. Snelting, F. Tip: Understanding Class Hierarchies Using Concept Analysis, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, pp , May 2000
[S-W 00] G. Stumme, R. Wille (Hrsg.): Begriffliche Wissensverarbeitung: Methoden und Anwendungen. Springer 2000
[Vog 97] F. Vogt: Supporting Communication in Software Engineering: An Approach Based on Formal Concept Analysis, Preprint Nr. 1926, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Mathematik, 1997
[Wil 00] R. Wille: Begriffliche Wissensverarbeitung: Theorie und Praxis. Informatik-Spektrum 23.6, pp (2000)