1. RTW Tuesday, January 7 th  Write your own definition for:  Dominant  Recessive

2. RTW Wednesday, January 8 th  What do you already know about the scientist Gregor Mendel?

3. Mendel & Heredity Ch. 6.3

4. Gregor Mendel  Mid-1800’s he explained how traits are inherited from parents and passed to offspring  Every organism inherits their specific traits (AKA genes)  One from Mom and one from Dad  Mendel made this discovery by breeding peas

5. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments 1. Controlled the breeding 2. Used purebred plants 3. Observed “either-or” traits that appeared in only two alternate forms  Why were these factors important for his experiment?

6. Traits Observed

7. How did Mendel discover dominant/recessive traits?

8. Punnett Squares! http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/genetics/monohybrid_v2.html

9. Mendel’s Conclusions  1.) Traits are inherited as discrete units  2.) Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent  3.) Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus the two copies of each gene segregate, or separate, during gamete formation  (#2 & 3 = Law of segregation)

10. Traits Observed

11. RTW Friday, January 10 th  TURN IN YOUR WORKSHEET IF YOU HAVEN’T ALREADY (SPONGEBOB!)  Look around the room at all of our alien babies. Are any of them identical?  How did we get so many variations from alien parents that displayed the same traits?

12. Vocabulary 1. Genetics 2. Gene 3. Allele 4. Law of Segregation 5. Law of Independent Assortment 6. Punnett Square 7. Probability 8. Monohybrid Cross 9. Dihybrid Cross 10. Homozygous 11. Heterozygous 12. Purebred 13. Dominant 14. Recessive 15. Phenotype 16. Genotype 17. Incomplete Dominance 18. Codominance 19. Polygenetic Inheritance 20. Sex-Linked

13. RTW Thursday, January 9 th  If the trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), what would be the probability of a man who’s heterozygous for the trait and a woman who’s homozygous recessive for the trait having a child with blue eyes?  Hint: homo=same & hetero= different

14. RTW Thursday, January 9 th  If the trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), what would be the probability of a man who’s heterozygous for the trait and a woman who’s homozygous recessive for the trait having a child with blue eyes?  Hint: homo=same & hetero= different B b bb Bbbb b b

15. RTW Monday, January 13 th  What does it mean if a trait has incomplete dominance? (Hint: Think about some of the Alien Baby traits)

16. RTW Monday, January 13 th  What does it mean if a trait has incomplete dominance? (Hint: Think about some of the Alien Baby traits)  Incomplete dominance= the blending of traits

17. Complex Patterns of Inheritance Ch. 7.2

18. Incomplete Dominance  = where heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between two homozygous types.  AKA= Blending of traits  Ex: colors of certain flowers where:  RR= red Rr= pink rr=white  Neither allele is completely dominant or recessive!

19. Codominance  = where both alleles of a gene are expressed completely  Both traits are fully and separately shown  Ex: blood types where a person can have-  A, B, AB, or O

20. Blood Types  We always use the letter “I” AND superscript to show blood genotypes  I A and I B are codominant and i is recessive

21. Blood Types  So what does this mean for blood donations and transfusions?

22. Blood Types  So what does this mean for blood donations and transfusions?  Antigens are proteins on the blood that prevent transfusions from foreign blood types  A= can only get blood from I A I A or ii  B= can only get blood from I B I B or ii  AB= can donate to I A I A or I B I B or I A I B, but can only receive from I A I B or ii  O= is a universal donor, but can only accept transfusions from ii

24. Polygenetics  = traits produced by two or more genes  Ex: human skin color (produces a range or spectrum of colors)  What’s another example?

25. Epistasis  Epistatic genes= can interfere with the expression of other genes  Mice and other mammals have 5 genes to determine color (making them polygenetic)  The 5th gene can overshadow all other genes  Ex: Albinism

26. Dihybrid crosses  =crosses that look at inheritance of two different traits.  Ex: peas that are yellow/green with smooth/wrinkled skin

27. Exit Slip  A man with homozygous type A blood and a woman with heterozygous type B blood want to know the probability of having a child with type AB blood.  Draw a Punnett Square and write a percentage.

28. RTW Tuesday, January 14 th  Which of the following genetypes would produce a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1? A. RRyy &rrYY B. RrYY & RRYy C. RrYy & RrYy D. rryy & rryy

29. RTW Thursday, January 16 th  In fish, the allele B produces gold colored fish. The allele b produces silver colored fish. The B allele is dominant to the b allele. Both parents are heterozygous. What percent of the offspring are expected to be gold?

30. RTW Friday, January 17 th Skin color is a polygenetic trait in humans. Which of the following best describes how skin color is determined? A. Skin color is controlled by a single dominant gene B. Skin color is controlled by more than one gene C. The gene for skin color is located on the X chromosome D. The gene for skin color is located on the Y chromosome

31. Genetics Disorder Brochure Project  Create a tri-fold brochure  Needs to be creative and informative  Research a genetic disorder  ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS!!  Include work cited/reference page

32. List of Genetic Diseases  Adrenoleukodytrophy  Albinism, oculocutaneous  Alzheimer Disease, familial type 5  Angleman Syndrome  Burkitt’s Lymphoma  Cat Eye Syndrome  Cri-du-chat (Cat’s Cry Syn.)  Cystic Fibrosis  DiGeorge Syndrome  Down’s syndrome  Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)  PKU  Prader-Willi Syndrome  Rentinitis pigmentosa  Rett Syndrome  Sickle Cell Anemia  Smith-Magenis Syndrome  Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome  Wolf Hirschhorn Syndrome  Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy  Edwards Syndrome  Fabry Disase  Hemophilia A/B  Huntington’s Disease  Jacobson Syndrome  Marfan Syndrome  Monsomy 9p (Alfi’s Syndrome)  Mytonic Dystrophy  Neurofibromatosis

33. RTW Tuesday, January 21 st  The probability that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with a disorder is 25%. Which of the following best applies to the inheritance pattern for this disorder? A. Recessive B. Dominant C. Polygenetic D. Sex-linked

34. Human Genetics & Pedigrees Ch. 7.4

35. Genetic Disorders  Only females can be carries of sex-linked genetic disorders  Brainstorm WHY?

36. Genetic Disorders  Only females can be carries of sex-linked genetic disorders  Brainstorm WHY?

37. Genetic Disorders  The likelihood of inheriting a sex-linked disorder depends both on the sex of the child and which parent carries the disorder-causing allele.  Do you think a boy or girl is more likely to have a sex-linked disorder if the mother is a carrier?

38. Genetic Disorders in History  Queen Victoria of the British royal family was a carrier for a sex-linked disorder called hemophilia  Hemophilia= lacks proteins that allows blood to clot.  She passed this disease to her son, and he then passed it to his daughter who was a carrier.  Because royal families tend to marry into other royal families, several other countries blood lines now had hemophilia “The Royal Disease”

40. Pedigrees  Pedigree= chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family  Helps to determine whether people carry recessive alleles  Males= squares  Females= circles  Shaded= affected/ shows the trait  Half-shaded= carrier for the trait

41. Pedigrees  The disease can be carried on autosomes or sex chromosomes  Autosomal= gives males & females 50% chance of inheritance

42. RTW Wednesday, January 22 nd  Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome (X c ). What are the possible phenotypes for the children of a colorblind father (X c Y) and normal vision mother (X C X C )?

43. RTW Wednesday, January 22 nd  Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome (X c ). What are the possible phenotypes for the children of a colorblind father (X c Y) and normal vision mother (X C X C )? All daughters will have normal vision but will be carriers of the allele for colorblindness; all sons will have normal vision.

44. Patterns of Inheritance 1.Autosomal Dominant  The inheritance of one mutated copy of a gene results in trait / disease.  These traits / disorders tend to occur in every generation of an affected family.  Examples: Huntington disease, polydactyly 2.Autosomal Recessive  The inheritance of two mutated copies of a gene results in disease.  An individual that inherits a single copy of the mutated gene is known as a carrier. Both males and females can be carriers.  Examples: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease 3.Sex-Linked (X-Linked Recessive)  The inheritance of a mutated gene on an X chromosome may result in disease.  Only females can be carriers, therefore men are more frequently affected by these types of disease.  Examples: colorblindness, hemophilia

45. Harry is the son of Lily and James Potter. Lily Potter had two parents and a sister without any magical ability (muggles). Assuming magical ability is recessive, what are the genotypes of Harry Potter’s maternal grandparents?  Construct a Punnett square to justify your answer.  Describe Harry Potter’s genotype using genetics vocabulary. Harry Potter’s maternal grandparents are heterozygous, Mm: Harry Potter, like his mother Lily, is homozygous recessive for magical ability. Mm M m MMMm M mmm

46. Biotechnology  Hypothesize what it is?

47. Biotechnology  Hypothesize what it is?  Biotechnology= the use and application of living things and biological processes  What are some examples?

48. Biotechnology  Hypothesize what it is?  Biotechnology= the use and application of living things and biological processes  What are some examples?  Microorganisms used to make bread and cheese  Liquid BandAid used to seal wounds and replicate skin  Hybrid fruit trees to create new fruits (Grapple)

49. Medical Biotechnology  Work in pairs with your shoulder partner (the person next to you)  1 iPad per pair  Job Roles:  Reporter- researches information and relays information to recorder  Recorder- writes down information on paper YOU & YOUR PARTNER WILL TURN IN ONE SHEET OF PAPER WITH ALL THE INFORMATION!

50. Medical Biotechnology Activity For your example, answer the following: 1. What is it? 2. What can it be used for? 3. How is biotechnology used in your example/product? 4. What are the potential impacts to a) The individual (aka YOU!) b) Society c) The environment 5. Record your findings on paper to be turned in Cite your sources! You need at least two.

51. RTW Friday, January 24 th List one benefit and one disadvantage to using biotechnology in agriculture.

52. RTW Monday, January 27 th What would be the results if farmers planted genetically modified crops that have an increased tolerance to insects? A. An increase in the contamination of the water supply B. A decrease in crop productivity C. An increase in the use of pesticides D. A decrease in genetic diversity of the crops

53. Genetically Modified Foods  How much genetically modified food accounts for your daily diet?  Are genetically engineered foods safe?

54. Genetically Modified Foods  What concerns does the video clip address?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMfSGt6rHo s&feature=youtu.be&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMfSGt6rHo s&feature=youtu.be&safe=active  Do the benefits outweigh the disadvantages?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QFhD1E8G Es&feature=endscreen&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QFhD1E8G Es&feature=endscreen&safe=active

55. Biotechnology in Medicine  Going back to when you researched biotech. In medicine with your shoulder partner…  Turn around to the partnership behind you and discuss: 1. What is it? 2. What can it be used for? 3. How is biotechnology used in your example/product? 4. What are the potential impacts to you, society, & environment  Be prepared to discuss as a class!

56. RTW Tuesday, January 28 th Write down a topic or question that you want to review.  Law of assortment  Law of segregation  Dominant  Recessive  Heterozygous  Homozygous  Phenotype  Genotype  Sex-linked  Autosomal dominant  Autosomal recessive  Codominant  Incomplete dominance  Polygenetics  Reading pedigrees  Biotechnology

57.  If the trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), what would be the probability of a man who’s heterozygous for the trait and a woman who’s homozygous recessive for the trait having a child with blue eyes?

58. B b bb Bbbb b b

59.  Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome (X c ). What are the possible phenotypes for the children of a colorblind father (X c Y) and normal vision mother (X C X C )?

60. X c Y X C XCXcXCXc XCYXCY XCXcXCXc XCYXCY

61.  The probability that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with a disorder is 25%. Which of the following best applies to the inheritance pattern for this disorder?

62. RECESSIVE

63.  List an example of a polygenetic trait in humans

64. Hair color, eye color, height, etc…

65.  A man with homozygous type A blood and a woman with heterozygous type B blood want to know the probability of having a child with type AB blood.

66. AA B O AB AO

67.  What kind of genotype would the parents have to be to give you a 9:3:3:1 ratio?

68. 2 heterozygous parents

69.  Green seeds (G) are dominant over yellow seeds (g). What would the genotypes of a cross between a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive plant?

70. G g Gg

71.  If flower color has incomplete dominance, where RR=red, RW=pink, and WW=white, what would the results of a RW and RW cross?

72. R W R W RRRW WW

73.  Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disease. If a man with hemophilia and a woman who is a carrier had children, what is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

74. XHXhXHXh XhXhXhXh XHYXHYXhYXhY XHXH XhXh XhXh Y

75.  Who is the father of genetics?

76. Gregor Mendel

77.  A colorblind man marries a woman with normal vision and they have three children as indicated in the pedigree chart below.  Let C = the gene for normal vision, and c = the gene for colorblindness…  What are the genotypes of the original parents and their three children?  What are the genotypes of the two grandsons?

78.  What term would best be used to describe an organism possessing two identical genes for a trait?

79. HOMOZYGOUS

80.  In canaries, the gene for singing (S) is dominant over the gene for non-singing (s). When hybrid singing canaries are mated with non-singing canaries, what percentage of the offspring is likely to possess the singing trait?

81. S s S s SSSs