1. Map Quiz Today.

2. From Confederation to Nation
Chapter 5
From Confederation to Nation

3. The Second Continental Congress
: Served as temporary gov’t of USA
Successes:
Created an army and navy
Supplied army with weapons, etc.
Sent diplomats to negotiate a peace treaty

4. The Second Continental Congress
Failures
Lacked the power to collect taxes
Difficult to find money to pay for the war

5. The Articles of Confederation
This document created our first government, written in 1777
Congress (Legislative Branch)
Each state gets 1 vote
9 votes are needed to pass a law
13 votes to change the A. of C.
No Executive or Judicial Branch

6. The Articles of Confederation
States purposely create a weak gov’t.
Leaves a lot of power to the states

7. The Articles of Confederation
Congress could:
Negotiate with other nations
Declare war, make peace
Borrow money
Ask states to donate money

8. The Articles of Confederation
Congress could not
Collect taxes
Regulate trade between states
Prevent states from printing money

10. Approving the A. of C.
Some states claimed land in the west, others didn’t
VA, NY could raise money through the sale of western lands
MD and others couldn’t.
MD wouldn’t approve A. of C. until all states gave up land in the west (1781)

11. Northwest Ordinance What is to be done with the western land?
Thomas Jefferson’s idea: “Add-a-state” plan
New territory would be made into states on an equal footing with the original 13

12. Jefferson’s plan

13. Northwest Territory

14. Northwest Territory Ohio Ohio Michigan Illinois Michigan Indiana
Wisconsin
Indiana
Wisconsin

15. Problems in the US in the 1780s
British refused to leave their trading posts and forts in the Northwest Territory
Silly Americans! You cant make us go!

16. Problems in the US in the 1780s
Spain did not allow Americans to use the New Orleans (This made it difficult for Americans living on the Mississippi River)

17. Problems in the US in the 1780s
Each state could stop imports from other states
No Pennsylvania
corn allowed!
To Delaware

18. Problems in the US in the 1780s
Inflation: Each state printed its own money
Paper money becomes worthless

19. Shay’s Rebellion (1786)
Farmers in Massachusetts are put in jail for failure to pay debts
Daniel Shay’s leads a rebellion
Many Americans realize the Articles of Confederation isn’t working

20. Annapolis Convention
Representatives from 5 states meet to discuss regulation of interstate trade
Alexander Hamilton suggests another meeting.

21. Philadelphia Convention
Philadelphia, Summer 1787
55 Delegates meet in Independence Hall
Rhode Island did not attend
What are they doing?
Changing the A. of C.?
Create a new government?

22. The 13 states Free states and slave states
Large states and small states
Importers and exporters
There will be a need to compromise

23. The delegates Ben Franklin: Elder statesman George Washington
President of the convention
Took no part in the debates
His presence reassured Americans that the convention was ok
James Madison: Took notes on the debates

24. Compromises The Great Compromise Virginia Plan:
Representation in the Congress would be based on population
Bigger states should have more representatives

25. Compromises The New Jersey Plan Each state should have only 1 vote
As in the Articles of Confederation

26. The Great Compromise Connecticut Plan
Senate: Each state has two senators chosen by the state legislatures (makes small states happy)
House of Representatives: Bigger states have more representatives; chosen by the people (makes big states happy)

27. Compromises Three-Fifths Compromise
Number of representatives for each state was based on population
Should slaves count in determining representation?
If slaves are counted, slave states (South) will have more representatives

28. Compromises Compromise: Count three-fifths of the slave population
Note: If slaves had been counted as “full people”, the slave owners would have more power in Congress

29. Federalism
Power is shared between national (federal) government and state governments
Some powers are shared (taxation, borrowing money)

30. Federalism Federal Government Maintain Army
Roles Not Listed in the Constitution
Roles Listed in the Constitution
Federalism
Federal Government
Maintain Army
Foreign policy (Treaties, War)
Print money
Regulate interstate trade
Copyrights, patents
State Governments
Schools
Marriage & Divorce
Create corporations
Licenses

31. Improvements in the Constitution
Easier to amend (change) than the A. of C.
Created a judicial and executive branch
Gave Congress the power to tax
States cannot coin money

32. The Three Branches of Government

33. Legislative

34. Legislative Congress House of Representatives and Senate Creates laws
May declare war
House: Responsible for taxation
Senate: Approves Treaties
Elastic Clause: Congress is given the power to carry out all its functions

35. Executive

36. Executive President Commander in Chief of the military
Enforces the laws
Negotiate treaties
Appoint judges

37. Judicial

38. Judicial Supreme Court and other federal courts
Currently, there are 9 justices
Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Samuel
Alito
Stephen Breyer
Anthony
Kennedy
Antonin
Scalia
David Souter
John
Roberts
John Paul
Stevens

39. Checks and Balances
Separation of powers: Power in government is divided between the branches
Each branch has powers over the others
No branch is more powerful than any other

41. President May veto (say no) to a law passed by Congress
President decides who will become a Supreme Court Judge

42. Congress Congress may override the president’s veto (with 2/3 vote)
Senate must approve Supreme Court Judges
Congress may amend (change) the constitution, to override a court’s decision.
(2/3 Congress + ¾ of the states)

43. Supreme Court
Court may declare laws unconstitutional (Judicial Review)

44. Ratifying the Constitution

45. Ratification
After the Constitution was written by the delegates, it had to be ratified (approved) by the states
Each state created a special convention to debate and vote on the Constitution
9 of the 13 states must ratify the C. for it to go into effect

46. Ratification Federalists: Supporters of the new constitution
Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the new Constitution
Feared the new government would be too powerful

47. Ratification First state to ratify: Delaware
9 states had ratified the C. by June 1788, but VA and NY had not
Constitution is in effect, but without the support of these states, will it work?

48. The States Delaware – Dec 1787 Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Maryland
South Carolina
New Hampshire – June 1788
Virginia
New York
North Carolina
Rhode Island

49. Ratification The Federalist Papers
Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
To persuade NY to support the Const.
Defended the new constitution
Explained why a stronger government was needed to protect freedom

50. Bill of Rights
Anti-Federalists in Virginia demanded that a bill of rights be added to the Constitution
This will be among the first actions of Congress in 1789

51. Bill of Rights Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments (changes) to the Constitution
List of rights and freedoms of Americans
Limits the power of government

52. Bill of Rights
First Amendment: Protects freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to assembly
Amendments 5-7: Right to a trial by jury

53. The Future How will the Constitution work in practice?
Will it need to be changed?
How will Congress, presidents and judges exercise their power?

54. TEST TOMORROW!
CHAPTER 5

56. The Great Compromise
James Madison
William Paterson

57. NEW JERSEY POWER!!
DEBATE!
SMALL
STATE
BIG STATE!
ARGUE!!!
VIRGINIA POWER!

58. Compromise Power
Compromise Power
Compromise Power
Compromise Power
Connecticut Plan!