1. Unit 6: Types of Assessment - Seminar
This week we read chapters 9 and 10, took a field trip to humanmetrics to take a Jungian test. We have looked at how we assess Intelligence and Psychopathology. Tonight the Seminar Discussion focuses on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) see box 10 in your textbook (pages 215-6)

2. Sample TAT Card (12F)

3. Discussion Question
Box 10 in your textbook (pages 215-6) contains a TAT Card along with six simulated responses.  Select one of these responses. 
What inference would you draw about the person telling this story? 
Compare your interpretation to those of the other students in the seminar.  How consistent are your conclusions?

4. Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment
Multi-method assessment
No measure of personality or behavior is perfect
It is best to use multiple methods
Tests
Interviews
Observations
Other sources
Convergent conclusions can be made with more confidence

5. Culturally Competent Assessment
Every culture has its own definitions of “normal” and “abnormal”
Culturally competent clinical psychologists are aware of this, and of the influence of their own cultural perspective
Especially important not to overpathologize
View as abnormal what is culturally normal

6. Objective Personality Tests
Include unambiguous test items, offer clients a limited range of responses, and are objectively scored
Typically self-report questionnaires
Typically a series of brief statements or questions to which clients respond in a true/false or multiple choice format

7. Objective Personality Tests
What is your impression of objective personality tests? Do you think they can accurately identify the components of an individual’s personality? Why or why not?

8. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Most popular and most psychometrically sound objective personality test
Pencil & paper format
567 self-descriptive sentences
Client marks true or false for each

9. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (cont.)
Original MMPI was published in 1943
Primary authors were Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley
Empirical criterion keying was used as test construction method
Item is included in test only if it elicits different responses from clinical groups
Revised edition, MMPI-2, was published in 1989
Better norms (especially demographically/culturally)
Less outdated wording of items

10. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (cont.)
MMPI and MMPI-2 also feature validity scales
To measure test-taking attitudes
Can identify clients who “fake good” or “fake bad,” or clients who respond randomly
MMPI-A (for adolescents, age 14-18) was published in 1992
Similar clinical scales, validity scales, and administration

11. Discussion Question
What are some advantages of using a disorders-based objective personality measure, such as the MMPI-2?
What are some disadvantages?

12. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (cont.)
Strengths include psychometrics (established reliability and validity) and comprehensiveness
Limitations include length, reading requirement, attention requirement, and emphasis on pathology/abnormality

13. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III)
Originally created by Theodore Millon
Like the MMPI-2 in some ways
Comprehensive objective personality test
Self-report, pencil & paper format
Main difference: MCMI-III emphasizes personality disorders
Its clinical scales are based on DSM personality disorders (e.g., antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, paranoid)

14. NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO-PI-R)
Originally created by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Another objective personality test
Pencil & paper, self-report format
Main distinction: measures “normal” personality traits (not pathologies)
Based on Five Factor model of personality
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness
Lacks validity scales, and of limited help with clinical diagnosis

15. NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO-PI-R)
What are some advantages of using a more neutral objective personality measure, such as the NEO-PI-R?
What are some disadvantages?

16. California Personality Inventory—III (CPI-III)
Another example of an objective personality test
Pencil & paper, self-report format
Like NEO-PI-R, doesn’t emphasize pathology
In fact, CPI-III emphasizes positive attributes of personality—strengths, assets, internal resources
Consistent with recent positive psychology movement

17. Beck Depression Inventory—II (BDI-II)
Not a comprehensive test of personality, but a brief, targeted measure of one characteristic (depression symptoms)
21 items; takes 5-10 minutes to complete
Pencil & paper, self-report format
Lacks validity scales, and much more limited scope than other tests discussed to this point

18. Projective Personality Tests
Based on the assumption that clients will “project their personalities when presented with unstructured, ambiguous stimuli and an unrestricted opportunity to respond
Lack of objectivity in scoring and interpretation
Considered by many to be empirically inferior to objective tests
Usage has declined in recent decades

19. Rorschach Inkblot Method
Created in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach
10 inkblots (5 in color, 5 black & white) are presented
Clients say what they see in each blot (in “response” phase)
Later (in “inquiry” phase), explain what features of the blot caused them to make their responses
Exner’s Comprehensive System is most widely used scoring system

20. Rorschach Inkblot Method (cont.)
Scoring emphasizes how the client perceives the blot as well as what the client sees
Scoring variables include:
Location (Whole blot, large part, or small detail?)
Determinants (Form, color, or shading of blot?)
Form Quality (Conventional? Distorted?)
Popular (What others see? Idiosyncratic?)
Content (What kinds of objects appear frequently?)
Reliability and validity are questionable and hotly debated

21. Rorschach-like Card

22. Discussion Question
What types of information, if any, might a projective personality measure, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Method, elicit that an objective instrument, such as the MMPI-2, might fail to produce? Besides attempting to assess personality, do projective assessment instruments provide any additional benefit? (For example, a projective test, such as the Rorschach, may aid a psychologist in establishing rapport and may reveal a particular client’s tolerance for ambiguity or abstract thinking.)

23. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Published in 1943 by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan
Like Rorschach in that it involves a series of cards with ambiguous stimuli
Cards feature interpersonal scenes rather than inkblots
Client tells a story to go along with each scene
Often, not formally or empirically scored
Reliability and validity are questionable

24. Discussion Question
How is the TAT typically administered and interpreted by a psychologist?  What do you think are the most (and least) appropriate uses of the TAT?

25. Sentence Completion Tests
The ambiguous stimuli are not inkblots or interpersonal scenes, but beginnings of sentences
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) is most widely used
Simulated examples:
I enjoy_______________.
It makes me furious_______________.
My greatest weakness_________.
Not often formally or empirically scored
Reliability and validity are questionable

26. Behavioral Assessment
As opposed to traditional personality assessment, behavioral assessment assumes that client behaviors are not signs of underlying issues or problems; instead, those behaviors are the problems
The behavior a client demonstrates is a sample of the problem itself, not a sign of some deeper, underlying problem

27. Discussion Question
How useful is projective testing in general?  What concerns do you have about its use?  Do you think it is culturally fair?  Why or why not?

28. Techniques of Behavioral Assessment
Behavioral observation is the most essential technique
Direct, systematic observation of a client’s behavior in the natural environment
Also known as naturalistic observation
Requires operationally defining target behavior and measuring its frequency, duration, or intensity across specified time periods
Often more accurate than asking client to report on their own behaviors

29. Technology in Behavioral Assessment
Laptop computers or handheld devices can be used to record observed behaviors
Numerous software programs have been created for this purpose
Clients can use similar technological tools for self-monitoring

30. Discussion Question
To which settings and for what clients might behavioral assessment most appropriately lend itself? What are your impressions of the behavioral assessment method?

31. Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment Internet Resources
Website of the publisher of the MMPI-2
Website of the Hermann Rorschach Archives and Museum
Website of the publisher of the NEO-PI-R
Website of Theodore Millon, creator of the MCMI-III
Website on Multimodal Functional Behavioral Assessment (a type of behavioral assessment)

32. Questions?