1. Nationalism in Asia & Africa (1945-1993). This is a work in progress
Nationalism in Asia & Africa ( ) ** This is a work in progress. Check for updates daily**
Map from networks

2. Nationalism
Review: the unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion and national symbols.
People have a strong desire to seek self-determination
The free choice of one’s own acts w/o outside pressures

3. 4th quarter prompts
Describe THREE important impacts nationalism had on India during the Post-WWII period.
Describe THREE important impacts nationalism had on The Middle East during the Post-WWII period.

4. From the DBQ- Ch. 19, p. 384
Goals of Nationalist leaders? To reverse or repair the damage done by European powers of the past, which were:
To be ruled and be revered
Take riches
Inflict suffering
AND…be granted INDEPENDENCE

5. Graphic Organizers Impact #1 Impact #2 Nationalism In India….

6. S & SE Asia Review (pp 322-23): Pre-WWII Concept of Civil Disobedience
Refusal to obey unjust laws
* love overcomes hate
* non cooperation & boycotts
-Salt March(1930)
-arrested for 8 months
-Make own clothes
1935: Government of India Act
More representation, more access to voting
New Leaders in India
Gandhi: Religious, Indian & traditional
Nehru: secular, Western, & modern
Jinnah: create a separate Muslim state, Pakistan

7. S & SE Asia (pp 386-390-new material)
The Partition of India (~400M)
Results: Hindus  India
Muslims  W/E Pakistan
Problems associated with Hindus & Muslims moving to new areas
Incredible violence
10+ M forced migration (displaced)
1 + M dead, incl. M. Gandhi
Why? He supported a multi-religious state
Gandhi’s assassination
Watch parts 8 & 9

8. The New India Nehru: Principle of non-alignment
State owned industries, utilities & trans.
Industrial production 3x ( )
Privatized farm land
Avoid dependency on foreign powers
Principle of non-alignment
Attempts to avoid Cold War
Nehru’s Death  Nehru’s daughter
Indira Gandhi ( ) (no relation to M. Gandhi)
Population explosion (2%/yr )& slums
Sterilization and “slum clearance”
Mother Teresa of Calcutta helps the poor, sick & orphaned
see video

9. Growing ethnic & religious tension
Sikhs (“seek”)=religion is based on Hindu & Muslim ideas
Wanted Punjab to be an independent Sikh province
Results:
Military force kills 450+ Sikhs
Operation Blue Star
Revenge: I. Gandhi is killed in 1984
Day before she died: “ I am alive today, I may not be there tomorrow. I shall continue to serve till my last breath and when I die every drop of my blood will strengthen India and keep a united India alive” Kinda creepy eh?
Religious dispute over Kashmir 
History of the conflict found here
3 wars between India & Pakistan
Both have strong claims to it
1974: India joins the Atomic Club
Pakistan (1998) due to Indian threats

10. Pakistan & Bangladesh Internal conflicts between W & E Pakistan
Capital was in West, E. Pak. felt ignored & exploited
Language issues
Military support
1970: Cyclone hits Bangladesh
K died
Starvation & cholera
Poor response time to aid victims
1971: Civil War
India allies w/E. Pakistan
Results:
10 M refugees into E. India
Wide spread atrocities
Intellectuals targeted
Up to 3M killed
Bangladesh is formed

11. Nationalism in India 1947-present
India is split into 3 parts: Hindu controlled
India, Muslim controlled W & E. Pakistan.
E. Pakistan becomes Bangladesh due
to conflicts within the government
India=principle of nonalignment
Nationalism in India 1947-present
Post WWII violence: 500K -1 M die. Millions displaced. The region is ripe for political and religious strife for the next few decades
Ongoing violence in the region including:
Punjab (Sikh region)
Kashmir

12. Concert for Bangladesh
$250K in immediate relief
Movie followed
By 1985, $12 M raised
Paved the way for other musical fundraisers
Live Aid (for Africa)
Farm Aid (for US farmers)

13. Relationship between India & Pakistan today
Why is the subcontinent one of the most dangerous places on Earth?
What information provided in this video may help you understand how the Partition of India, led to the condition we see today?
How could you incorporate material into the essay question?
Take good notes
Watch 11:38-28:25

14. The Middle East (pp )
GQ: What events led to the dispute between Israel & its Arab neighbors?
Palestine Mandate (pre-WWII):
Historic Jewish homeland
Limited immigration
Zionists
Worldwide sympathy after Holocaust
UN Proposal- Split Mandate into two:
State of Israel created (1948)
Arab reaction = betrayal of Muslims
Initial results:
Invasions
Refusal to recognize Israel
1000s flee to Arab countries—refugees
Some remained in Israel

15. Nasser & Pan-Arabism Nasser & Egypt
Helped overthrow King Farouk (monarchy)
Trouble in the Suez
Importance of the canal (see worksheet) 
Nasser seizes Suez Canal Co.
highlighted the danger that Arab nationalism posed a threat to Western access to Middle East oil
Suez War (1956)
Br, Fr. & Israel vs Egypt
US & USSR join & support Egypt
WWIII ?
Result: Br, Fr & Isr. withdraw
Nasser promotes Pan-Arabism (ALL Arab unity)
UAR=Egypt & Syria
Intent? Have all Arab nations join
Concerns? Sharing wealth w/poorer Arab nations
Syria military leaders withdraw from UAR

16. Arab-Israeli Dispute - - = blockade Dispute INTENSIFIES
Nasser’s blockade on Israel
Response: Israel launches preemptive air attack (6 Day War)
against Syria, Jordan & Egypt
Wipes out most of E. Air Force
Break blockade & occupies Sinai
New territory acquired
1 M new Palestinians under Israeli control -
- = blockade

17. By capturing the Sinai, the Golan Heights and the West Bank of the Jordan River, the Israelis had captured for themselves areas of great strategic value. However, the West Bank also contained over 600,000 Arabs who now came under Israeli administration. Their plight led many young Arabs into joining the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), a group that the Israelis deemed a terrorist organization.

18. Dispute continues Arabs: Return occupied territories!
Nasser dies, Anwar Sadat
Yom Kippur War (October, 1973)
What is Yom Kippur (See reading)
Video clip (optional)
Egypt/Syria launch attack agst. Israel
@ Suez, Golan Heights & Sinai
Near confrontation between US & USSR
Meir, Israel’s PM
Slow start, then on the offensive
UN-negotiated cease fire
Will develop into the Camp David Accords ( ) W/ Pres. Carter
Result: Dispute over occupied territories remain to this day

19. Indirect Results of Mid-East Crises
Background:
1960: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)  
Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia & Venezuela .
Purpose: Control the price of oil
During Yom Kippur War…
Price hikes + …
oil prices from $3/barrel to $12
limit on the amount of gas,
closed on Sundays,
limited the days gasoline could be purchased based on license plates.
Cuts in production
OIL SHORTAGES & SERIOUS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN THE WEST
Imported cars! Fuel economy
Speed limit reduced to 55 MPH
Play video

20. More on the PLO 1960-90s Only Arab state in Palestine
al-Fatah under Yasir Arafat
Terrorist attacks on Israel
1980s
Increased militancy
intifada =“uprising”
1993 Oslo Peace Accords
Palestinian authority
PLO recognizes Israel

21. Iranian Revolution Shah Pahlavi & Iran Oil=rich country
Ally of the US (50s & 60s)
Opposition
Too materialistic, too Western
Ayatollah Khomeini  
Ayatollah =religious Shiite leader
1979 Revolution
Restore Islamic Law (Very Conservative)
Shah’s supporters fled or executed
52 Americans held hostage
Failed rescue attempt
Successful rescue attempt
Upon death…
Moderate gov’t w/some civil liberties

22. Iran-Iraq War Iraq & Saddam Hussein Why? Religious differences
Iran=more Shia
Iraq=more Sunni
Territory-Strait of Hormuz( transporting oil)
1980: Iraq launches war
Role of children
Clear minefields
Poison gas
Kurds who wanted own state
Result: 1988 Cease fire w/o resolving main issues

23. Persian Gulf War Back to the video Seize Kuwait
US & others defend Kuwait

24. Emergence of Afghanistan & The Taliban
After WWII, groups fought for control of Afghanistan
USSR invaded in ’79
Occupied for 10 yrs
Anti-Communist Islamic forces
US backed (Cold War tensions)
mujahideen
Islamic groups fought for control of the country
Taliban
Seized capital, Kabul, in 1996
Rid world of tyranny through “jihad.”
Video: note the strict rule/give examples 
Bin Laden founded al-Qaeda “the base”
Drive Westerners out of Muslim nations

25. Society & Culture
GQ: How has Islam influenced society & culture in the Middle East?
Early Muslim women had:
participated in the political life
had extensive legal & social rights
1970s: a shift toward more traditional roles for women.
This trend was especially noticeable in Iran.
See assignment #15 for more specifics

26. Nationalism in Africa UN supports the end of colonialism in Africa
Focus: S. Africa
African National Congress (ANC)
Reform
Economic
political

27. Apartheid “apartness” Afrikaners (Dutch) 1950s-1991 Black opposition
Infamous uprising
Sharpeville (1960)
Issue: organized protest which restricted Blacks from visiting certain areas
Mandela (1962)
Arrested for armed resistance
The South African government generally deemed Mandela and his co-defendants violent communist saboteurs, and on 12 June 1964, Justice de Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges, sentencing them to life imprisonment rather than death
Robben Island( )
Other prisons until release in 1990
Global outcry

28. Via Wikipedia
Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet by 7 feet, with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry.
Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in solitary confinement on several occasions for possessing smuggled news clippings. Classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.

29. Stephen Biko & The Apartheid Movement
Read biography
Take notes during the film which illustrates:
Biko’s role in the movement
Relationship between Biko and Donald Woods
Examples of oppression by the white government

30. Mandela’s legacy Read the 2 page document & answer the questions.
Upon completion, we will briefly look at a short video clip about his life

31. Summary of pp p. 448
African independence didn’t bring economic prosperity
Single crop/resource
Dependent on foreign imports
droughts i.e. Ethiopia in 1980s
1985: Artists unite! 20 M records sold $ 50 M +  
rapid pop growth (2.3%/yr.)
-SLUMS=poverty & pollution
Impact HIV/AIDS had on Africa
Africa hardest hit
22+ M in sub-Saharan region (2007)
Orphans
Lack money, & health facilities
Int’l community=some assistance
Solutions?
Education

32. Rwandan Genocide Central Africa (Rwanda & Burundi) Hutu & Tutsi tribes
1962: 2 new countries
Hutu & Tutsi tribes
Rwanda (Hutu majority)
Resentment of the Tutsis
Preferential treatment during colonial times
Education & jobs
Civil War
Airplane shot down
Hutu & Burundi leaders on board
500k-1M dead in 100 days
20% of total pop; 70% of Tutsis
Refugee camps in Zaire
Effects (other than obvious)
Increase of HIV
Crippled economy