1. Terrorism

2. Definitions of Fundamentalism Fundamentalism: strict adherence to any set of basic ideas and/or principles. Fundamentalism: strict adherence to any set of basic ideas and/or principles. –Islamic/Christian Militant Fundamentalism: strict adherence to principles and willing to use violence. Militant Fundamentalism: strict adherence to principles and willing to use violence.

3. Current Terminology Extremist: one who kills or is willing to die for their beliefs; radical. Extremist: one who kills or is willing to die for their beliefs; radical. Insurgent: a person who rises in forcible opposition to lawful authority, a person who engages in armed resistance to a government or to the execution of its laws; rebel. Insurgent: a person who rises in forcible opposition to lawful authority, a person who engages in armed resistance to a government or to the execution of its laws; rebel.

4. Current Terminology Continued Detainee: a person held in custody, for a political offense or for questioning. Detainee: a person held in custody, for a political offense or for questioning. Fatwa: a death sentence. Fatwa: a death sentence. Intifada: a violent uprising. Intifada: a violent uprising.

5. Terrorism Threatens International Security Threatens International Security Terrorism: the use of unpredictable violence against society, in general, and innocent people, in particular, to express beliefs and achieve political goals. Terrorism: the use of unpredictable violence against society, in general, and innocent people, in particular, to express beliefs and achieve political goals.

6. Characteristics of Terrorism 1. An instrument of the powerless against the powerful - small groups - small groups - usually regional/operating in several countries at once - usually regional/operating in several countries at once 2. A weapon – IED’s 3. Favored by extremists 4. Unpredictable 5. Difficult to determine perpetrators

7. Types of Terrorism International Terrorism: acts of violence committed by political groups outside of their own country. International Terrorism: acts of violence committed by political groups outside of their own country. –Al Qaeda State-Sponsored Terrorism: acts of violence encouraged by governments or states for political purposes. State-Sponsored Terrorism: acts of violence encouraged by governments or states for political purposes. –KKK, IRA

8. 4 Types of Tactics 1. Assassinations 2. Bombings 3. Hostages 4. Hijackings of airplanes and ships

9. Al Qaeda English “The Base” English “The Base” Sunni Islamic Movement Sunni Islamic Movement –Ideology = Islamic Fundamentalism –Founded in 1988 - Afghanistan –U.S. Labeled  foreign terrorist org. Tactics Tactics –Suicide Bombings Attack civilian and military targets Attack civilian and military targets Most Notable: 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Most Notable: 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Leaders: Osama bin Ladin Leaders: Osama bin Ladin Believes killing the innocent justified in jihad Believes killing the innocent justified in jihad –Jihad: Holy War

10. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Goal = end occupation of Israel & freedom for Palestinian People Goal = end occupation of Israel & freedom for Palestinian People –Founded in 1964 Arab League  PLO sole representative of Palestinian People Arab League  PLO sole representative of Palestinian People –Leader was Yasser Arafat over 31 years President = Mahmoud Abbas President = Mahmoud Abbas –Operating out of West Bank –Palestinian Authority - Fatahs 1988 1988 –PLO renounced terrorism  recognized Israel Orgs. split from the PLO  Hamas, Islamic Jihad Orgs. split from the PLO  Hamas, Islamic Jihad

11. Hamas English “Islamic Resistance Movement” English “Islamic Resistance Movement” Palestinian Political Party Palestinian Political Party –Holds majority in PA –Ideology = Palestinian Nationalism –Founded in 1987 –U.S. Labeled  Terrorist Org. –Broke off of PLO Operating out of Gaza Strip Operating out of Gaza Strip Tactics Tactics –Suicide bombings  on Israelis Leaders  Khaled Mashaal, Ismail Haniyah, Mahmoud Zahar Leaders  Khaled Mashaal, Ismail Haniyah, Mahmoud Zahar

12. Islamic Jihad Islamic Jihad Islamic Jihad –Ideology = Palestinian Militant Group –Founded in 1987 –Goal = Destroy Israel –U.S. Labeled = Terrorist Org. –Broke off of PLO Tactics Tactics –Suicide bombings –Militant attacks Leader: Ramadan Abdullah Mohammed Shallah Leader: Ramadan Abdullah Mohammed Shallah

13. Israel

14. Hezbollah English “Party of God” English “Party of God” Shiite Islamic Political & Paramilitary Org. Shiite Islamic Political & Paramilitary Org. –Ideology = Islamic Fundamentalism –Founded in 1982 Response to Israeli invasion of Lebanon Response to Israeli invasion of Lebanon –U.S. Labeled  Terrorist Org. –Operates out of Lebanon, Syria & Iran Tactics Tactics –Militia Attacks –2006 War with Israel in Lebanon Leader: Hassan Nasrallah Leader: Hassan Nasrallah

15. PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party Kurdistan Workers’ Party Militant Org. Militant Org. –Ideology = Kurdish Nationalism –Founded in 1978 –U.S. Labeled  Terrorist Org. Operates in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria Operates in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria Goals Goals –Rights for Kurds in Turkey –Wants own Country U.S. gave them a flag U.S. gave them a flag Leader = Murat Karayilan Leader = Murat Karayilan

16. Kurdish Areas