1. Human Geography of the United States

2. History & Government of the United States Section 1

3. (A) Migration to North America
For thousands of years the bounty and resources of North America has attracted waves of immigrants
Migration – The movement of peoples within a country or region. The movement of people from one place to another.
Migration to North America:
Nomads from Asia 13,000 years ago
Ancestors of the Native Americans
Spanish in 15th century
Later French and English
Europeans brought Africans as slaves
Columbian Exchange – The movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the age of exploration

4. (B) Steps by which the US Government was established
1st: American Revolution: Immigrants revolted from their mothering nations
2nd: United States was founded as a formal nation
3rd: Grew in size through more immigration and movement westward
Native Americans were removed by force by the government
Frontier – The free, open land in the American West that was available for settlement
Louisiana Purchase – the territory, including the region between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, that the United States purchase from France in 1803

5. Louisiana Purchase

6. (C) Major changes in the United States
Industrialization
Urbanization
Suburbs – A political unit or community touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city
Great Depression and WWII
Before this era United States was much more isolated
United States became much more involved in foreign affairs after World War II. They were the main super power
United States became the leader of non-Communist nations
Goal became stopping Communist Soviet Union (Russia) during Cold War ( )

7. (D) Branches of Government
Representative Democracy – A government in which the people rule through elected representatives
The Capital is located in Washington D.C.
Three branches of United States Government
Executive – headed by president and enforces the laws
Legislative – makes laws or enacts laws, led by Congress
Judicial – led by the Supreme Court, interprets the laws by reviewing decisions of lower courts

8. Economy & Culture of the United States Section 2

9. (E) United States Economy
United States has:
7 % world’s land
5 % worlds population
One of the world’s largest economies
Exports – A product or good that is sold from one economy to another
About 10% of world’s exports come from United States
Free Enterprise – An economic system in which private individuals own most of the resources, technology and businesses, and can operate them for profit with little control from the government

10. (E) United States Economy
Service industry – Any kind of economic activity that produces a service rather than a product
Information processing, finance, medicine, transportation and education
Big part of United States economy
3 out of 4 Americans now work in service – related jobs
Countries sometimes place tariffs, or taxes, on imports to protect the economy from foreign competitors
When a country spends more on imports than it makes on exports, there is said to be a trade deficit

11. (F) Diverse Society Diverse Ancestry Diverse Languages
Europe, Central America, South America, Africa, Asia, Native American etc
Diverse Languages
English is dominant, Spanish is 2nd most common
Diverse Religion
Over 1,000 different religions in America
Diverse Arts
Diverse Pop Culture
Immigration
People have come to the United States from all over the world
By the year 2000 most of the immigrants coming to the US came from Latin America, Asia and Canada

12. Subregions of the United States Section 3
Midwest
Northeast
West
South

13. (G)The Northeast
5 % of land in United States
20 % of population lives in Northeast
New England – The 6 northern states in the Northeast United States – Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
America’s “gateway” for millions of immigrants
Megalopolis – a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together
Nation’s first megalopolis was in the Northeast
Urban Sprawl- poorly planned development that spreads a city’s population over a wider and wider geographic area.

14. (H)The Midwest
Midwest – A region that contains the 12 states of the north-central United States
About 20% of land in United States
About 25% of people in United States
Agricultural and Industrial Heartland
Food, farm equipment, steel, auto-making
Becoming less and less agricultural in modern day

15. (I)The South
The South – a region that covers about 1/4 of the land area of the United States and contains more than 1/3 of its population
Mixed culture, diversity of early settlers
Agricultural and Industrial
Metropolitan Areas – A functional area including a city and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs, linked economically

16. (J) The West
The West – North American region, consisting of 13 states, that stretches form the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean and includes Alaska to the North and Hawaii in the Pacific
½ of land area of United States
1/5 of population of United States
Air conditioning and irrigation promoted growth in West
Diverse economic activities

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20. Human Geography Of Canada

21. History and Government of Canada Section 1

22. (K)Settlers and Steps Towards Unity
Nomads from Asia migrated 13,000 years ago
Ancestors of the Inuit (Eskimos)
Colonized by France and Britain
Provinces – A political unit
There was a great division between the two provinces which were Roman Catholic (French) and the Protestant (English)
In an effort to unify Canada the Government created the Dominion of Canada – A loose confederation (political union) of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick created by the British North America Act in 1867

23. (L) Canadian Expansion & Development
Transcontinental railroad created
Gold, copper, zinc, silver deposits found = new roads and settlements made
Immigrants coming to Canada’s vast open lands
Industrialization and growth mostly happened within 100 miles of United States border where the climate in best

24. (M) Canadian Government
Gained independence from Britain in 1931 after they helped England fight in World War I
Parliamentary Government – A system where legislative and executive function are combined in a legislature called a parliament
Parliament – a representative lawmaking body whose members are elected or appointed and in which legislative and executive functions are combined.
Prime Minister – The head of a government, the majority party’s leader in parliament
Their country’s capital is Ottawa

25. Economy & Culture of Canada Section 2

26. Canadian Provinces

27. (N) Canada’s Economy
Indigenous – A term used to describe people who are descendants from areas first inhabitants
The forests of British Columbia help make Canada the world’s largest producer of newsprint
Canada’s Economy
Farming, logging, mining, fishing, paper, manufacturing, trade
Service industries are Canada’s powerhouse in it’s economy

28. (O) Land of Many Cultures
Metis – A person of mixed French-Canadian and Native American ancestry
Officially bilingual – English and French
Mainly Roman Catholic
Most of these people live in Quebec
A lot of Canadian land is harsh
90% of people live on 10% of the land within 100 miles of United States border
Reserves – public land set aside for native peoples by the government

29. (O) Land of Many Cultures
Many sports:
Ice hockey, fishing, skiing, skating, golf, hunting, lacrosse
Professional leagues: Football, baseball, basketball
Art
Visual arts from early Eskimos
Performing arts