1. Georgia Studies Unit 8: Modern Georgia and Civil Rights
Lesson 1: Post-World War II Developments
Study Presentation

2. Lesson 1: Post-World War II Developments
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How has technological change affected agricultural methods and production?
How did the post WWII economic climate provide opportunities for entrepreneurs?
How do Georgia’s transportation systems affect economic growth and development?

3. New Technology Television use expanded in the 1950s
ABC, CBS, NBC were major networks
Entertainment was important
Entertainment was important; People could now watch news events almost as they happened
Transformation of Agriculture:
New synthetic (man made) fabrics became popular.
Examples: Rayon and Nylon
Reduced the need for cotton; as the demand for cotton fell other crops/plants began to be grown in place of cotton; trees, peanuts, soybeans, and corn were some of the major examples
New farming technology (i.e. tractors and harvesters) helped improve the amount of products that farmers could grow.

4. Industries Move into Georgia
Businesses continued to move into the state
Air conditioning began to be installed making year round work more comfortable
Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to workers and businesses
Lockheed became largest employer
CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta headquarters established

5. The Cold War Relations between the US and USSR became tense
Cold War: a war of words and diplomacy
US and USSR were world’s most powerful countries
USSR kept eastern Europe in communism behind the “iron curtain”
Containment of communism led to war in Korea and Vietnam

6. The Korean War Korea was divided after WWII
38th parallel was line between communist North and democratic South
June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea
United Nations countries sent troops to assist South Korea
25,000 Americans killed; 500 Georgians
Peace declared in July 1953; no winner
Many businesses benefited from doing business with the military bases and armed forces

7. Ellis Arnall Elected Georgia’s governor in 1942
Helped to fix the accreditation issues with the University of Georgia (during Eugene Talmadge’s time as governor) by helping the board of regents become a separate body from the governor’s office.
Removed Georgia’s prison system from under the control of the governor.
Under Governor Arnall, Georgia became the first state in the Union to grant 18-year olds the right to vote.

8. The 1946 Governor’s Race
Governor Ellis Arnall’s term of office was due to end in 1946.
Eugene Talmadge was elected to his 4th Term as Georgia’s Governor but died before taking the Oath of Office.
Began the “Three Governor’s” Controversy:
Herman Talmadge (Eugene’s son) was chosen as governor by the legislature due to the amount of write-in votes he had received and were “found” after the election.
Current Governor Arnall declares that Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson was the new Governor as he was the rightful successor.
January 15, 1947, Herman Talmadge’s men broke into the governor’s office and changed the locks and readied themselves to run the state.
Governor Arnall set up a temporary office at the Capitol Information counter; Arnall officially resigned three days later.
Finally in March 1947, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled Thompson was the governor until a special election could be held in At this election, Herman Talmadge was elected governor.

9. Georgia Governors
Melvin Thompson: purchased Jekyll Island to build a state-owned resort; established UGA Veterinary School
Herman Talmadge: Strict segregationist. Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act – established 9-month school year raised standards for schools
Marvin Griffin: began educational television; oversaw purchase of Stone Mountain for park

10. Atlanta’s Mayors
William Hartsfield: Served as Atlanta’s mayor longer than any other person (6 terms from ). Presided over many building projects including expressways and parks throughout the city. After his death in 1971 the Atlanta airport was renamed after him.
Ivan Allen, Jr.: Served as Atlanta’s mayor from Only politician from the South to speak in favor of the Civil Rights Act. Helped to bring the Braves from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Atlanta.

11. Major League Sports Teams
Atlanta Braves: Moved to Atlanta in Bought by Ted Turner in Braves games began being broadcast nationwide on TBS. Won the World Series in 1995 (first professional title in Atlanta’s history).
Atlanta Falcons: Played their first NFL game in Played in the Super Bowl in 1998.
Atlanta Hawks: NBA team, moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Atlanta in 1968.

12. Transportation Systems
Interstate Highway System: Makes transportation through the city easier. Interstates, such as I-20, I-75, and I-85, go through the city of Atlanta. I-95 goes from Florida to Maine and I-75 goes from Miami to Michigan.
Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport: One of the busiest airports in the world. Named after two Atlanta mayors (William Hartsfield and Maynard Jackson).
Georgia’s Deepwater Ports: Two major deepwater ports (Savannah and Brunswick). Goods (products) made in Georgia are frequently shipped to other parts of the world through these ports.
Railroads: Allowed for efficient transportation of people and products over land.
These four transportation systems are important to GA’s economy as they allow people and goods to move throughout the state.

13. Georgia Studies Unit 8: Modern Georgia and Civil Rights
Lesson 2: Segregation and Civil Rights
Study Presentation

14. Lesson 2: Segregation and Civil Rights
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How can the policies of state and local political leaders influence economic growth?
How can political policies and decisions create a climate in which individuals and groups can voice opinions to bring about social change?

15. End of the White Primary
White Primary – Used, after the Civil War, to keep African Americans from voting.
1900 Democratic Primary – Democratic leaders decided that only white Democrats could vote in the primary election.
GA was essentially a one-party state (Republican and Independent candidates got little support from white citizens).
As a result, white, Democratic candidates were often elected with little or no African American support.
End of the White Primary – King v. Chapman Supreme Court case made the white primary systems in GA unconstitutional (illegal).

16. Early Civil Rights in GA
Herman Talmadge – Served as governor of GA briefly in 1947 and again from Later served in the U.S. Senate.
Segregationist – Worked to keep African American and white citizens separate
As a politician, Talmadge worked to help GA’s farmers and tried to stop Civil Rights.
1956 State Flag – In 1956, GA’s state flag was changed to prominently display the Confederate Battle Flag; changed in 2001 as citizens found the flag offensive.
GA Flag
GA Flag
GA Flag
2003-Present

17. The Supreme Court and Education
1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces
1950: Brown v. Board of Education – case struck down “separate but equal” concept; schools were to be integrated
Sibley Commission: found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate
More private schools opened
1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first African American students at UGA
1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

18. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches
Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional

19. A Nonviolent Movement is Born
Benjamin Mays – President of Morehouse College; educator and mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta and as a Civil Rights advocate.
Martin Luther King, Jr. developed a nonviolent approach to social change
Four-prong approach:
direct, nonviolent actions
legal remedies
ballots
economic boycotts
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King
Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met

20. The Albany Movement
1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – challenged segregated bus system in Albany
Nearly 500 people jailed
Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

21. Protests Move to Alabama
1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to integrate all aspects of public life in Birmingham, AL
Over 3000 people arrested
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing – KKK sets a bomb which killed 4 black children in their church in Birmingham, Alabama
African Americans and whites from the north and south began to join together to stop the violence

22. The Civil Rights Act President Kennedy created new civil rights laws
Kennedy was assassinated before the new laws came into effect
Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
All public facilities had to be integrated
Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions

23. The Voting Rights Act
1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered to vote
Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr. King
Nearly 30,000 marchers
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – one million African Americans were registered to vote

24. A Shift in Mood
Some people moved from the nonviolent strategies to more aggressive ones
SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted police
Malcolm X preached black separatism
Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark
Lester Maddox became governor of Georgia in Had forcibly turned black activists who challenged segregation at the restaurant he had owned. Very popular with Georgians who supported segregation.
April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workers

25. Atlanta: A Case Study in Change
Integration in Atlanta was relatively peaceful
Church leaders get much credit for this peaceful change
William Hartsfield: Atlanta mayor who expanded Atlanta’s airport and worked with African American and white leaders; worked to integrate Atlanta’s schools
Ivan Allen: Atlanta mayor ordered removal of “white” and “colored” segregation signs in the City Hall; integrated police and fire services and city government
Troubled times followed but were overcome
The city became known as “the city too busy to hate”

26. African Americans Take Office
Maynard Jackson: Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973 (1st African American mayor of a major southern city).
Andrew Young: An aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Executive director of the SCLC. In 1972, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives (1st African American from GA to be elected to Congress since the 1860’s).

27. Georgia Studies Unit 8: Modern Georgia and Civil Rights
Lesson 3: Georgia in Recent History
Study Presentation

28. Lesson 3: Georgia in Recent History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did the policies and actions of Jimmy Carter influence the state, nation and world politically and socially?
How did the 1996 Olympic Games provide opportunities for economic development and contribute to Georgia’s international image?
How do new immigrants change social structures and influence economic policies and practices?

29. Political Changes
“One Person, One Vote”: The concept that each citizen’s vote should equal every other citizen’s vote
County-unit system was declared unconstitutional in 1962
This change caused more representatives to come from urban areas
Reapportionment – General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population size

30. Georgia Governors
Carl Sanders: elected in 1962; worked to diffuse racial violence; increased spending on education; used television ads to campaign
Lester Maddox: elected 1967; surprise winner; appointed more African Americans to state office than all other governors combined; integrated the State Patrol; “People’s Days” – any Georgian could visit and talk with the governor

31. Georgia in the 1970s
Ted Turner: TBS television network expanded from one station to a national network
MARTA: Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority – began rapid rail service in Atlanta
James (“Jimmy”) Earl Carter: 1970 – elected governor of Georgia; served as President of the United States
As president, negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt
Problems as president: high energy costs, high interest rates, high inflation, 52 American hostages held in Iran
Georgia cities began to lose population to the suburbs; cities have began to work to attract residents

32. Jimmy Carter Born: October 1, 1924 in Plains, GA.
Elected to the GA Senate in 1962 and 1964.
Elected as governor of GA in Worked to streamline Georgia’s government and improve education in rural areas.
Won the presidential election in Worked to develop peaceful relations between numerous countries. Due to the Iranian hostage crisis and economic problems during his presidency, President Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan.

33. The Women’s Rights Movement
Women’s Rights Movement: women gained confidence that they could do the same jobs as men and should have the same rights
Women often could not get credit at banks
NOW: National Organization for Women – promoted women’s rights issues
ERA: Equal Rights Amendment – never became part of the Constitution
1972: Title IX – President Nixon signed law which prohibited discrimination in education (academics or athletics)

34. Vietnam Divides America
North Vietnam: communist
South Vietnam: democratic
USA began support South Vietnam against the North
1968: Over 500,000 Americans involved in Vietnam War
Protests against the war increased
1973: war ended with no clear victor – Vietnam is now united and communist

35. Watergate
1972: Group of men arrested for breaking into the Watergate building in Washington, DC to “bug” Democratic National Committee offices
Evidence supported that President Nixon knew of the burglary and tried to cover it up
Nixon resigned and Vice-President Gerald Ford became president

36. The Energy Crisis 1973: US supports Israel in its war with Egypt
Arab nations stop selling oil to the US
Price of gas went up and there were shortages
Georgians began to drive less and purchase fuel-efficient cars
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Alaskan Pipeline brought oil to the “lower 48” states

37. The End of the Cold War
Ronald Reagan: “Great Communicator” elected president – served
Reaganomics: “supply-side” economics, tax cuts, heavy defense spending, limited government, limited regulation on business
Reagan tough with USSR
By end of 1980s, Cold War ending
Mikhail Gorbachev: leader of USSR
1989: Berlin Wall came down
1991: Communist USSR government collapsed

38. Rise of the Two-Party System
Political shift in Georgia (and other southern states) during the 1980’s and 1990’s.
Increase in the amount of conservatives (mainly Republicans), especially in national elections. As more Republicans were elected to office Georgia began to have a real Two-Party (Democrats and Republicans) System for the first time in over 100 years.
Notable Elections in the rise of the Two-Party System:
1980 – Mack Mattingly becomes first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction.
1992 – Republicans win most Georgia’s congressional elections; however, Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney became the first African American woman from GA to be elected to Congress.
1994 – Republicans gain a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years; GA’s Newt Gingrich is elected Speaker of the House.
2002 – Sonny Perdue elected Governor of GA; first Republican Governor since Reconstruction.

39. 1996 Olympic Summer Games
1996 Olympic Summer Games held in Atlanta, Georgia. Events were also held in the cities of Savannah, Columbus, Athens, Gainesville, and Cleveland.
Major economic impact on Georgia. Hotels added 7,500 new rooms and new sports venues and event sites were created (such as the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park)
More than 72 million visitors came to Atlanta during the Olympics
Helped to create large amounts of tax revenue for Atlanta, Georgia. Also, helped to increase the popularity and media exposure of Atlanta as a major southern city.

40. Immigrants Coming to GA
Immigrants – People who move to an area from other countries.
1965 – Large numbers of immigrants began coming to the United States.
By the 1970’s almost 4.5 million people legally entered the country.
In the 1990’s almost 9 million people came to the United States. 80% of these came from Asia, the Caribbean, or Latin America.
Many of the immigrants coming to the United States are illegal immigrants. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act created penalties and punishments for companies that hire illegal immigrants. However, these immigrants often times help fill jobs in farming and manufacturing.

41. “The Day That Changed America”
September 11, 2001: Islamic terrorists hijack US passenger planes and crash them into the World Trade Center and Pentagon
One additional plane (United flight 93) was re-taken by passengers but crashed in Pennsylvania
WTC towers collapse killing 2,774
The War on Terror began shortly after 9/11 as the United States began to fight against countries that harbored and funded terrorist groups.

42. Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom
al-Qaeda linked to the September 11 attacks – based in Afghanistan
October 2001: Operation Enduring Freedom – US and other nations’ troops invade Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda camps and destroy Taliban government
Osama bin Laden escaped
Saddam Hussein in Iraq continued to violate UN resolutions regarding weapons of mass destruction and inspections
March 19, 2003: US and coalition forces attack Iraq – combat phase over by May
Weapons of mass destruction were not found
Saddam Hussein captured and later executed on December 30, 2006.

43. Challenges for the Future
8 million people live in Georgia – large increase puts demands on environment; more traffic, pollution and less resources.
Three main challenges:
water resources
differences between urban (city) and rural (country) GA
tremendous population growth
Alabama, Florida and US government have demanded Georgia reduce water use and pollution
Difficult to fund services such as schools in rural areas as those areas do not generate enough tax revenue (mainly through property and sales taxes).

44. The Three Governors Episode
Newly re-elected governor Eugene Talmadge died before taking his 4th term of office in 1946
The previous governor, Ellis Arnall, the Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson, and Talmadge’s son, Herman, fought over who would govern Georgia.
Due to the amount of write in votes, Herman Talmadge was chosen as governor by the legislatures.
Arnall believe that the governor should have been Thompson.
Due to the confusion, Secretary of State Ben Fortson refused to give the official state seal to anyone.
The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that a special election must be held and Thompson was chosen as governor until 1948.
Herman Talmadge was elected governor in 1948 and 1950.