1. 18 th Century Society

2. Social Classes First Estate: Clergy First Estate: Clergy Ownership of land (especially in Catholic countries) Ownership of land (especially in Catholic countries) Tax exempt in most cases Tax exempt in most cases Composed of members from all social classes Composed of members from all social classes Second Estate: Nobility Second Estate: Nobility Aristocrats (1-5% of the population) Aristocrats (1-5% of the population) Hereditary titles on nobility Hereditary titles on nobility The most wealthy portion of society The most wealthy portion of society Often paid few taxes Often paid few taxes Land ownership (land = wealth) Land ownership (land = wealth)

3. Social Classes Third Estate: Commoners Third Estate: Commoners Peasants compose the largest group Peasants compose the largest group Agricultural workers Agricultural workers Tenant farming very common Tenant farming very common Townspeople Townspeople Urbanization: growth of towns and cities Urbanization: growth of towns and cities Industrial revolution gave rise to a new social class of urban workers (more on this in Industrial Revolution unit) Industrial revolution gave rise to a new social class of urban workers (more on this in Industrial Revolution unit) Shopkeepers, artisans, etc. Shopkeepers, artisans, etc.

4. Social Classes Third Estate: Third Estate: Middle-Class also part of Third Estate Middle-Class also part of Third Estate Non-nobles Non-nobles Often have some degree of wealth Often have some degree of wealth Often businessmen or merchants Often businessmen or merchants “middling sort” or “bourgeoisie” “middling sort” or “bourgeoisie” Third Estate often carried the tax burden Third Estate often carried the tax burden

5. Marriage and the Family Western Europe Western Europe Nuclear family becomes the norm Nuclear family becomes the norm People waited until later in 20’s to marry and establish independent households People waited until later in 20’s to marry and establish independent households Average age of first marriage was 27 Average age of first marriage was 27 Family sizes 5-6 members Family sizes 5-6 members Wealthy families often larger Wealthy families often larger

6. Marriage and Family Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Marriage before reaching 20’s Marriage before reaching 20’s Large, extended, multigenerational families Large, extended, multigenerational families Serfdom still practiced, which kept people tied to land for agricultural labor Serfdom still practiced, which kept people tied to land for agricultural labor Early marriage and large families=more labor Early marriage and large families=more labor

7. Women Girls often taught homemaking skills Girls often taught homemaking skills Some girls worked as servants in wealthy homes Some girls worked as servants in wealthy homes Dowries common: woman’s family pays husband when marriage takes place Dowries common: woman’s family pays husband when marriage takes place Wives of businessmen would often work in the family business Wives of businessmen would often work in the family business Many professions did not allow women to participate Many professions did not allow women to participate Those that did would pay lower wages Those that did would pay lower wages

8. Children High infant mortality rates High infant mortality rates 20% die within first year of life 20% die within first year of life Wet nurses among the aristocracy Wet nurses among the aristocracy Little emphasis on child-rearing Little emphasis on child-rearing In cases where families could not afford to care for a child, infanticide may have been practiced and some babies were abandoned In cases where families could not afford to care for a child, infanticide may have been practiced and some babies were abandoned Foundling Hospitals and orphanages created Foundling Hospitals and orphanages created

9. Education Literacy gradually increasing Literacy gradually increasing Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment helped encourage literacy Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment helped encourage literacy Formal education was typically restricted largely to the wealthy Formal education was typically restricted largely to the wealthy Compulsory education was introduced in German states first Compulsory education was introduced in German states first Prussia in 1717 Prussia in 1717 By late-1700’s, most other states had created rules for universal education By late-1700’s, most other states had created rules for universal education

10. The Grand Tour Travel became trendy Travel became trendy Literature attracted people to foreign places Literature attracted people to foreign places Elites would visit major cities Elites would visit major cities London, Paris, Rome, etc. London, Paris, Rome, etc. Became known as the “Grand Tour” Became known as the “Grand Tour” Cities improved lighting, public facilities and transportation systems in an effort to encourage tourism Cities improved lighting, public facilities and transportation systems in an effort to encourage tourism

11. Salons, Masonic Lodges, and Academies Culture and learning was spread through various means during the 1700’s Culture and learning was spread through various means during the 1700’s Salons: gatherings in the homes of wealthy women Salons: gatherings in the homes of wealthy women Masonic Lodges: Freemasons gathered in support of reason, progress, and toleration; often distrusted because of their secretive nature Masonic Lodges: Freemasons gathered in support of reason, progress, and toleration; often distrusted because of their secretive nature Academies of Learning and Science were created to promote interest in science Academies of Learning and Science were created to promote interest in science

12. Art and Music Rococo (see ppt) Rococo (see ppt) Famous composers Famous composers Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

13. Literature Novels became popular Novels became popular Themes of family life, love, marriage were common Themes of family life, love, marriage were common Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders Romanticism developed toward the end of the 1700’s Romanticism developed toward the end of the 1700’s Celebrates emotion rather than logic, the power of mother nature, and inner passion Celebrates emotion rather than logic, the power of mother nature, and inner passion William Wordsworth, famous poet associated with Romanticism William Wordsworth, famous poet associated with Romanticism Johann von Goethe Johann von Goethe Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) Sturm and Drang (Storm and Stress) Faust, the story of a man who makes a pact with the devil in order to acquire all the knowledge of the world Faust, the story of a man who makes a pact with the devil in order to acquire all the knowledge of the world

14. Religion Formal religion was often criticized during the Enlightenment. Christianity did experience a revival with the development of Methodism and Quakerism Formal religion was often criticized during the Enlightenment. Christianity did experience a revival with the development of Methodism and Quakerism Methodism: Methodism: Founder: John Wesley Founder: John Wesley Very popular among lower classes Very popular among lower classes A “grass roots” approach to religion A “grass roots” approach to religion Quakers: Quakers: Society of Friends Society of Friends Encouraged personal religious experiences, lack of ceremony or formality Encouraged personal religious experiences, lack of ceremony or formality Became known for their spontaneous worship, even allowing women to lead services Became known for their spontaneous worship, even allowing women to lead services Also known for their pacifist beliefs (opposed war) Also known for their pacifist beliefs (opposed war)

15. Religion Originally a vital element of the Catholic Counter Reformation, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) eventually fell with disfavor among monarchs in Europe Originally a vital element of the Catholic Counter Reformation, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) eventually fell with disfavor among monarchs in Europe Eventually, their activities were suppressed and Jesuits lost their place in Catholic society Eventually, their activities were suppressed and Jesuits lost their place in Catholic society

16. Religion Jews were the most mistreated religious group in Europe Jews were the most mistreated religious group in Europe Anti-Semitism common throughout European history Anti-Semitism common throughout European history Eastern Europe had largest concentration of Jewish communities Eastern Europe had largest concentration of Jewish communities Most Western European nations had expelled Jews during the Middle Ages Most Western European nations had expelled Jews during the Middle Ages Enlightenment led to better treatment for Jews in some countries, but not in much of Eastern Europe Enlightenment led to better treatment for Jews in some countries, but not in much of Eastern Europe Pogroms (attacks on Jewish communities) became increasingly common, especially as nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s. Pogroms (attacks on Jewish communities) became increasingly common, especially as nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s.