1. F OOD BORNE INFECTIONS

2. F OOD BORNE ILLNESS Any illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated food: Pathogenic bacteria Viruses Parasites Toxic chemical Natural toxins such as poisonous mushrooms

3. B ACTERIAL CAUSES Shigella species (bacillary dysentery) Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi (typhoid and paratyphois fever) Campylobacter jejuni ( gastroenteritis) Vibrio cholerae (cholera) Escherichia coli (diarrheal diseases)

4. S HIGELLA INFECTION  Shigella cause bloody diarrhea (dysentery)  Often begins with watery diarrhea accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps

5. T RANSMISSION Infect only humans Mostly person-to-person spread Faecal-oral route through contaminated food and water House flies

6. E PIDEMIOLOGY OF S HIGELLOSIS 164.7 million case annually 163.2 in developing countries 1.1 million death 61% of mortalities in children < 5 years

7. S ALMONELLA PATHOGENIC SEROTYPES Typhi, Paratyphi A, B and C Primarily human pathogens Only found in human

8. P ATHOGENICITY OF S ALMONELLA Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) Gastroenteritis and food poisoning Bacteraemia

9. C AMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Cause gastroenteritis Poultry products

10. C HOLERA Caused by Vibrio cholerae Massive watery diarrhoea Epidemics

11. E SCHERICHIA COLI ( DIARRHEAL DISEASES ) Diarrhea in infants Traveler diarrhea Hemorrhagic diarrhea Dysentery similar to shigellosis

12. B ACTERIA FOOD POISONING Staphylococcus aureus (diary products) Salmonella typhimurium (poultry products) Bacillus cereus (rice) Vibrio parahaemolyticus (sea food) Clostridium botulinum (caned food)

13. V IRAL FOOD - BORNE INFECTIONS Common cause of diarrhoea Self-limiting Dehydration

14. V IRAL FOOD - BORNE INFECTIONS Enterovirus (poliomyelitis) Hepatitis A (hepatitis) Hepatitis E (hepatitis) Rotavirus (diarrhoea)

15. P ARASITIC FOOD - BORNE INFECTIONS Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) Cryptosporidium parvum (cryptosporidiosis) Entamoeba histolytica (parasitic dysentery) Giardia lamblia (giardiasis )

16. M ANAGEMENT Re-hydration Anti-toxin Antibiotics Antiviral Anti-parasitic

17. B LOOD - BORNE INFECTIONS

18. B LOOD - BORNE DISEASES A blood-borne disease is one that can be spread through contamination by blood

19. M OST COMMON EXAMPLES HIV Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Viral hemorrhagic fevers

20. O THER MEANS OF TRANSMISSION High-risk sexual behavior Intravenous drug use

21. V ECTOR - BORNE DISEASE Diseases transmitted by insect or other vector Causative agent can be found in blood Vector-borne diseases include: West Nile virus Dengue fever Malaria

22. S TANDARD MEDICAL PRACTICE Treat all blood (and body fluids) as potentially infectious Blood and Body Fluid precautions are a standard infection control measure to minimize Blood-borne infections Needle-stick injuries is the greatest threat to health care workers

23. E ND