TO AMERICA AND COLONIES

TO AMERICA AND COLONIES
APUSH WEEK 1 TO AMERICA AND COLONIES

Period 1 1491-1607 1.1 Native Americans
Maize-Mexico, American Southwest – Major breakthrough that allowed permanent settlements to form Hunting and gathering in Northwest and CA Great Basin and Great Plains-Nomadic lifestyle Northeast-Atlantic Seaboard-mixed economy-hunt/gather and farming = more permanent settlements Example) Iroquois in NY

1.2 European Overseas Expansion
Columbian Exchange-trading goods and ideas across the Atlantic Spanish Settlement – Columbus, Conquistadors Exchange Culture-Mestizos = sets up a caste system Technology-Horses, cows, Wheat, farming techniques Disease-smallpox Encomienda System-Forced Indians into labor (Christianity conversion) Dig for gold/silver Sugar Plantations Portuguese Settlement Settled in Brazil and trading posts Had control of African Slave trade Slaves brought to the New World as well

1.2 European Overseas Expansion
European motives for the New World God – mission system, Jesuits Gold – wealth, also gained wealth through plantations Glory – power and status European shift from feudalism to capitalism Corn, potatoes Technology improves Compass, sextant, caravel, astrolabe, better maps Organizing the funding Joint stock companies

1.3 Contact – 3 groups Social, political and economic changes
American Indians -Tried to maintain autonomy = religious, gender roles 2. Africans -Tried to maintain autonomy = mixed Christianity and African chants 3. Europeans All groups believed whites superior to nonwhites Justified slavery Spain debated Indian treatment Bartolome de Las Casas- Spanish missionary = thought the encomienda system was “a moral pestilence invented by Satan”

Period 2 1607-1754 2.1 Patterns of colonization
SPAIN: tight control over colonies Exploit the Indians Gold, God and Glory Convert to Catholicism FRANCE and Dutch: Canada/trading outposts Trade with Indian (Intermarry): Furs Jesuits ENGLAND: Remove Indians (hostile) Puritans: Northern colonies Colonies based on Agriculture: Jamestown settlement in Virginia

2.1 Slavery Slavery developed in British American colonies because of the geography and economics (fertile land and need for free workers) English didn’t intermarry with natives (causes white superiority and a hierarchy in the South) Plantation owners, farmers, indentured servants/slaves Bacon’s rebellion Atlantic Slave Trade - Middle passage, Triangle Trade Racial Superiority = enslaved for life, Slave codes Overt Resistance-breaking tools, singing of freedom and home, and working slowly in order to resist dehumanization Covert-African American slaves rebelled, as in the Stono Rebellion, and escaped from slavery

2.1 3 Regions of British Am Colonies
Next slides

SOUTHERN COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS SMALL POPULATION CHURCH OF ENGLAND PLANTATION ECONOMY SOME RELIGIOUS TOLERATION TIES to Barbados/ West Indies Sugar and Rice HOUSE OF BURGESSES MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION BACON’S REBELLION POWHATAN WAR SLAVERY ROYAL AFRICAN CO. SLAVE CODES CULTURE PLANTATION OWNERS SMALL FAMERS LANDLESS WHITES INDENTURED SERVANTS ARISTROCRATIC

MIDDLE COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
Religiously Diverse GREAT LAND FOR FARMING FEWER INDUSTRIES ETHNICALLY DIVERSE QUAKERS Diverse Econ FARMING LUMBERING SHIP BUILDING TRADE AND FUR TRAPPING BREAD BASKET- Cereal crops IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CENTER DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND LEISLERS REBELLION POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT PATROONSHIP DEMOCRATIC

NORTHERN COLONIES CHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
MERCANTILLISM NAVIGATION LAWS HARVARD MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL OF LAW PURITANS LESS RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL PARTICIPATION Homogenous Religious Mixed Eon PEQUOT WAR KING PHILIPS’ WAR MAYFLOWER COMPACT FUNDAMENTAL ORDER OF CONNECTICUT SALEM WITCH TRIALS DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETINGS INDUSTRY FAIR TO NATIVE AMERICANS MERCANTALISM

2.2 Conflict/Contact N.A. and Euro
Conflicts in Europe spread to the colonies Fighting between colonists vs. colonists vs. Native Americans Beaver Wars Iroquois vs. Algonquian tribes (English vs. French) Resources to compete for Furs, tobacco, land, Labor (slaves instead of indentured servants), etc. Imperial goals vs. Colonists Goals Mistrust of the European gov’t across the Atlantic Molasses Act Smuggling- Illegal Triangle Trade Mercantilism Autonomy in British Am colonies

2.2 Clashes-Social and Econ
Contact and Trade between Europeans and N.A. English Spread disease King Phillip’s War (Pilgrims peace lead to war after conversions) Superiority – culturally (views on land), racially (no intermarry), religiously (convert) Spanish Pueblo Revolt or Pope’s Rebellion – fight back against religious conversion Impact: creates more cultural tolerance toward N.A. Indian Warfare Euros trade technology (guns) and Alcohol contributes to elimination of N.A.

2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges
Atlantic Economy and exchange of labor Development of Labor systems-High demand for labor-Plantations and cash crops Evolution of Labor =Indentured Servants to African Slave Trade Native Am labor = Spain Common thread – all forms of labor are harsh Anglicization (English) of colonies Pol- rep gov’t (House of Burgesses), Mayflower Compact, self gov’t, town hall meetings, early examples of Democracy Econ- Mercantilism to capitalism Print Culture- Poor Richard’s Almanac Protestant Evangelism = Puritans Religious Tolerance – Maryland Act of Toleration, Pennsylvania Enlightenment ideas- Deism, John Locke social contract Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture… Work Ethic Democratically Structured Churches Religious toleration

2.3 Pol, Econ, Cultural Exchanges Cont.
Slavery and growth of ideas on race impacted the colonies British colonists more racist than Spanish and French Intermarriage Cultural superiority Mulattos

2.3 British tighten control on colonies
Colonies uniting as less dependent on the British Mostly English, but more diverse than England – migrants from other places (Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Africans) Colonies tied together by language and trade Salutary neglect Self-Government (Not all Democratic) Religious toleration (to some degree) Educational Opportunities Provided unusual advantages for economic and social self-development

2.3 British tighten control on colonies
Salutary Neglect ends Late 17th century French and Indian War Navigation Acts enforced Early ideas of Unification Albany Congress Dominion of New England New England Confederation

2.3 British tighten control on colonies cont.
What caused the resistance to British control Self-gov’t Ideas of liberty-Zenger case – freedom of press Greater religious independence and diversity 1st Great Awakening 1740s- First mass social movement, religious revival, connected the colonies, Against the liberalism in religion Republicanism – leaders are elected different from monarchy in England, congregational church

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
Martin Luther Protestantism Faith=salvation John Calvin “Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536 Predestination The Elect-Chosen by God Visible Saints-Conversion experience God is all powerful Humans as weak and filled with Original Sin **Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America** **Most of the early Americans were protestant**

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?
CONT CHURCH OF ENGLAND King Henry VIII Broke with Catholic church Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies. Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford.

Congregation Church in MBC Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island
How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World? Congregation Church in MBC Manhood Suffrage in Rhode Island Fundamental Order in Connecticut River Colony

NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.
What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England? NEC: First steps toward colonial unity. DNE: Puritan influence permanently reduced. Common revolutionary sentiment throughout the colonies.

EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH COLONIES?
1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES 1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT 1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING 1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE 1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT 1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION 1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION 1676: BACON’S REBELLION 1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES 1691: LESILER’S REBELLION 1734: ZENGER CASE : ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT” : THE ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE IN AMERICA FRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD QUEBEC IN 1608 GOVERNMENT
EDICT OF NANTES QUEBEC IN 1608 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN GOVERNMENT CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLY BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS BEAVER TRADE TRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI

EMPIRES COLLIDE ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH 1688-1763 SALUTARY NEGLECT
KING WILLIAMS WAR QUEEN ANNE’S WAR TREATY OF UTRECHT SALUTARY NEGLECT KING GOERGE’S WAR WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION PEACE TREATY 1748

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAR OHIO VALLEY
OHIO MISSION: WASHINGTON TRIGGERED A WORLD WAR ALBANY CONGRESS ALBANY PLAN FOR UNION BRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK WILLIAM PITT BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760) BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759) PEACE OF PARIS (1763)

REBELLION CHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLION PROCLAMATION OF 1763

Road to Revolution A New Republic
Period 3: Road to Revolution A New Republic

3.1 French and Indian War Native American Alliances
Adjusted alliances = Who is more of a threat – British or French colonists Huron/Iroquois Population growth of American colonies Great migration Amazing birth rate Western Expansion

3.1 French and Indian War Impact on N.A. Conflicts
Pontiacs Rebellion/Procl of 1763 French and Indian War Treaty of Greenville (opens Ohio territory) During and Post Revolutionary War Political alliances prevent western settlement Iroquois Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Tippecanoe-Shawnee & Tecumseh

3.1 Causes of the Am Rev Impact of the French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris of 1763 France forfeits all its land in North America (except islands at entrance to St. Lawrence) Britain in debt Imperial control over American markets Mercantilism-Navigation laws Stamp Act, Sugar Act Intolerable Acts Committees of Correspondence Sons of Liberty vs. Loyalists Pretty, Silly, Tammy, Baked, Tea, Cookies, Inside, Freshly Layered, Spicy, Dought

The Road to Revolution Grenville Townshend Writs of Assistance
Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Acts Gaspee 1760 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 1772 Treaty of Paris Pontiac’s War Proclamation of 1763 Currency Act Stamp Act Repealed Boston Massacre Towns-hend Acts Repealed Declaratory Act Quartering Act The Road to Revolution Committees of Correspondence

Road to Revolution Pretty Proclamation of 1763 Silly Stamp Act, 1765
Tammy Townsend Acts, 1767 Baked Boston Massacre, 1770 Tea Tea Act, 1773 Cookies Committees of Correspondence Inside “Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Freshly First Continental Congress Layered Lexington and Concord Spicy Second Continental Congress Dough Declaration of Independence

3.1 Cont What fueled the Am Rev? Colonial elites
Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Franklin Grassroots movement (local/smaller movement) Sons of Liberty, Mercy Otis Warren, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, Daughters of Liberty, Quartering Act Arguments over rights of the individual and enlightenment Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, John Locke & Natural Rights, Rejection of Virtual Representation

3.1 Loyalists V. Patriots Patriots: Loyalists (Tories):
Sometimes called "Whigs" after British opposition party American rebels who fought both British soldiers and loyalists Most numerous in New England Constituted a minority movement More adept at gaining support from colonials Financing: Robert Morris, “the financier of the Revolution” helped Congress finance the war. Loyalists (Tories): Colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king. Usually conservative: educated and wealthy; fearful of “mob rule.” Older generation apt to be loyalists; younger generation more revolutionary King's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown Anglican clergy and a large portion of their followers; most numerous of the loyalists (except in Virginia) Well entrenched in aristocratic NY, Charleston, Quaker PA, and NJ. Least numerous in New England Ineffective at gaining allegiance of neutral colonists The Loyalist Exodus 1. Loyalists regarded by Patriots as traitors. 2. About 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled the colonies -- Estates confiscated and sold; helped finance the war ,000 fought for the British

3.1.III U.S. foreign and Domestic policy
European domestic threats Spanish fort in Florida/New Orleans British forts in the West Native Americans being armed Jay’s Treaty vs. Pinckney's Treaty Foreign trade threatened British and French impressment Pirates off the Coast of Africa

3.1.III U.S. foreign and Domestic policy
French Revolution influence Neutrality Proclamation XYZ affair Embargo Act Alien and Sedition Acts (VA and KY resolutions) FEDERLISTS vs. REPUBLICANS Washington’s Farewell Address No entangling alliances Warns against divisive political parties (see above)

3.2 Democratic/Republican forms of Government
America as a chosen people with liberty Influenced by Protestant Evangelical religious fervor George Whitefield/First Great Awakening Enlightenment Thinkers Locke, Rousseau, Adam Smith American thinkers = talent over privilege See changes to society NEXT SLIDE

3.2 Republican self government
John Locke-natural rights Decl of Independence-TJ Continental Congress

Articles of Conf Next Slides

America Sets Up a New Government
The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress served as the central government during the war Delegates knew they needed a constitution to bind the states together Formed a committee to draft “the form of confederation to be entered into. . .” Headed by John Dickinson (PA) Adopted 1777 but not ratified until 1781

Articles of Confederation
Maryland ratified the Articles when New York pledged to abandon its land claims Congress promised to create new states from the territory Picture Source: Overhead Transparencies accompanying American Pageant, Houghton Mifflin: U.S. History, Vol. 1, #31, “Western Land Cessions to the United States,

State Constitutions In 1776 the Continental Congress recommended the colonies form state governments By 1780, all 13 had written constitutions Most contained bills of rights All based on popular consent Suffrage limited to male land owners but voting requirements were lowered The States were reluctant to yield their new-won powers: Memories of monarchy

The Articles of Confederation were a loose organization of states in which the state legislators, represented in the federal congress, exercised sovereignty Each state delegation given one vote in a one house Congress Important legislation required 2/3 approval of states Amendments needed unanimous approval Factors for and against unity

Reasons for Unity among the states
Common language and culture Linked geographically Tradition of peaceful coexistence Common goal during the war Reasons for Disunity among the states Strong loyalties to individual states Little close contact between states due to poor roads and slow transportation Economically independent No common enemy after the war

Powers given to Congress included: Making laws Foreign relations: Making treaties and alliances Maintaining an army and navy Coining money The Articles of Confederation would prove too weak to deal with the needs of government of the new United States

Weakness No executive or judicial branch Result No president to enforce laws; no federal courts to judge disputes between states or residents of different states

Weakness Congress did not have the power to tax Result Congress never had enough money to run the government

Weakness Both states and Congress could issue money Result Debased currency; no national currency

Weakness One state, one vote Result States had authority in Congress disproportionate to population

Weakness Approval by 9 of 13 states required for laws and treaties, all 13 for amendments Result Legislation was cumbersome, amendment virtually impossible

Weakness Congress could not regulate interstate commerce Result States set up tariffs and taxes on each others’ products To deal with interstate commercial battles, 9 states agreed to meet at Annapolis, MD in Sept Called for a meeting at Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles

Shays’ Rebellion An uprising of Massachusetts farmers in against high taxes in the state Massachusetts had trouble putting down the rebellion Spotlighted the weakness and vulnerability of the nation propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy." Many prominent citizens cried out for a stronger central gov't.

Timeline…leading to 1789 DATE 1777 1781 1782 1785 1786 1787 EVENT AOC forming the “united” states for ratification AOC are ratified Congress adopts the Great Seal of the U.S. Adopts the dollar as official currency using a decimal system (TJ created it) Annapolis (Maryland) Convention is held to discuss U.S. trade policies Shays Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Constitutional Convention

3.2.II New Constitution Causes of the New Constitution = Weakness of the Articles Need for a stronger central gov’t Constitutional Convention Compromises Great Compromise, Commerce Comp, 3/5 Comp Ratification process by the States Bill of Rights?

Cont. Creation of Political Parties (Feds vs. Repub.) caused by debates over: Relationship of Federal gov’t vs. State gov’t KY and VA resolutions-Alien/Sedition Acts Whisky Rebellion Economic Policy Hamilton’s Financial Plan = 1st National Bank Foreign policy Neutrality Proclamation Jay’s Treaty

3.2.III Post Rev: Changes to Society
Many conservative Loyalists no longer in America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state governments. Slavery issue – PA Gradual Emancipation Law Most northern states no slavery by 1800 Slavery stayed strong in South – cotton gin Postponed issues of slavery during Constitution framing Stronger emphasis on equality End of primogeniture and entail before 1800. Separation of Church & State: Jefferson’s Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786 State governments –republicanism Women did not enjoy increased rights; idea of “Republican Motherhood” (raise good citizens) took hold Abigail Adams: “Remember the Ladies” Many conservative Loyalists no longer in America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state governments. Slavery issue Stronger emphasis on equality End of primogeniture and entail before a. Primogeniture: eldest son inherits father's estate. b. Entail: Estates could not be sold off in pieces; guaranteed large landholdings to a family and meant less land available for purchase to the public. Separation of Church & State: Jefferson’s Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786 State governments Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and became subject to U.S. expansion westward. Women did not enjoy increased rights; idea of “Republican Motherhood” took hold

3.2 Economy of Post War America
America suffered a depression during the 1780s. Seizure of Loyalist holdings were moderately significant Economic democracy preceded political democracy: land readily available and inexpensive. Manufacturing was bolstered by non-importation agreements America suffered a depression during the 1780s. 1. Huge national and state debts were left from the Revolution. 2. Excessive use of credit to purchase consumer goods after the war 3. Lack of currency 4. Farmers demanded laws to help their plight 5. Runaway inflation was ruinous to many citizens 6. British flooded American ports with cut-rate goods. Seizure of Loyalist holdings were moderately significant 1. Many estates were confiscated and cut up into small farms. 2. Helped accelerate economic democracy 3. New rich class of conspicuous profiteers emerged Economic democracy preceded political democracy: land readily available and inexpensive. Manufacturing was bolstered by non-importation agreements 1. Americans lost markets in the British Empire (Navigation Laws) 2. New commercial outlets compensated for lost ones (Baltic region; Asia)

3.2 Am rev impact Am Rev inspired other revolutions French Revolution
Haiti-Toussaint L’Ouveture

3.3 Migration and Natl Identity
French and Indian War impact: More western settlement Pontiacs Rebellion Post Rev impact: Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and became subject to U.S. expansion westward. Examples: Paxton Boys Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Tippecanoe

3.3 cont Migrants from around the world Spanish control the far West
Scots-Irish = Paxton Boys Shays Rebellion East vs. West (Backcountry)-Whisky Rebel Frontier vs. Tidewater Gentry in VA Spanish control the far West Mission system in CA

3.3.II Spread of Republican Institutions
Successes of the Articles of Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Kept Republicanism alive: Held the states together, even though imperfectly

Land Ordinance of 1785 Acreage of the Old Northwest (modern-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan) should be sold; proceeds to pay national debt. Region split into townships six miles square, split into 36 sections of 1 sq. mi th section set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools. Contrasted with land south of the Ohio River where disorganized settlement was the rule.

Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest regions would first begin as a territory, subordinate to the fed. gov't. Territories would become a state when it had 60,000 inhabitants; equal status w/ other states. Significance: By not subordinating states, it ensured peace between east & west. Bill was farsighted: principles were carried over to other frontier areas. Forbade slavery in Old Northwest (north of the Ohio River.) Major advantage gained by the North; future states would not be slave and thus ally themselves with the South. Southerners could cross state lines and reclaim fugitive slaves.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Source

3.3.II Conflict with N.A. The Constitution did not define relationship with N.A. Who does the land belong to? Treaties broken by the gov’t Foreshadows removal and reservations Synthesis: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

3.3.II Conflicts with Europe
How do we deal with the Europeans on our home soil? Jay’s Treaty with England Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain Treaty of Paris

3.3.III Regional identities
Federalists vs. Republicans Issues? Slavery: North v. South Attitudes on each side? Women: Republican Motherhood White women should teach republican values (moral keepers) Women’s importance in political culture Led to Cult of Domesticity in 1800s

Washington To Jefferson
THEMES Washington To Jefferson

Domestic Policy Adams Foreign Policy Political Economic WASHINGTON
Before President WASHINGTON Foreign Policy Political Social/Cultural Domestic Policy Economic Adams

Before President Lieutenant Colonel in the French and Indian War ( ) Virginia delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress ( ) Head Command of the Continental armies in the Revolution ( ) Virginia delegate to the Annapolis Convention (1786) Chairman of the Constitutional Convention (1787)

WASHINGTON’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Political Judiciary Act of 1789 Farewell Address Social Judiciary Act of 1789 Whiskey Rebellion Economic Hamilton’s 10% Tariff Sale of Public Lands: AOC, Land Ordinance of 1785, and Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Excise Tax. Hamilton Taxes First Bank of the US State Debts VP: John Adams Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY
French Revolution and Citizen Genet Neutrality Proclamation Jay’s Treaty with England Pinckney Treaty with Spain

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Political Economic JOHN ADAMS
Before President JOHN ADAMS Foreign Policy Political Social/Cultural Domestic Policy Economic

Before President One of the most effective writers against the Stamp Act Defended the British soldiers involved in the “Boston Massacre” Massachusetts delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses Helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, 1783 Vice President under Washington

ADAMS’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Social: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Political: XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Act Naturalization Act “Midnight Judges” Economic: Quazi-War

ADAMS’S FOREIGN POLICY
XYZ Affair (1797) Virtual War with France Convention of 1800

Other possible themes:
The demise of the Native Americans AOC: Weakness/Strengths The role/growth of the slave issue Growing fall out of North v. South Beginning issues of a new nation Foreign relations

TERMS Jefferson to the War of 1812

Jeffersonian Democracy
Small federal government States rights Strict construction Favored farmer Low taxes No national debt No national bank Laissez faire economics

Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges
A last-ditch attempt by the Federalists to bequeath a conservative judiciary to the Jeffersonian. Included in this act were many “midnight appointments” by Adams, which resulted in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case. Midnight Judges Judicial Review Impeachment of Samuel Chase

John Marshall Chief Justice
Appointed during last days of Adam’s term Most important CJ (served 34 years) Once a Federalist, always a Federalists.

Barbary Wars Barbary Pirates: Colorful Mediterranean plunderers who disrupted American commerce there at will. The success of the BP demonstrated the worldwide lack of respect for the fledgling American nation Underscored the immediate need for a stronger navy to protect American’s oceangoing trade.

Marbury v. Madison 1803 William Marbury, chosen for judicial office in Adams’ famous “midnight appointments” just before he retired, failed to receive his commission Jefferson, the new president, instructed his secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the appointment. Marbury then commenced proceedings in the SC to have his commission delivered In this famous case, Justice Marshall struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, declaring Congress had no power to expand the powers of the judiciary outlined in the Constitution. In this way, Marshall affirmed the Court’s power of judicial review: its right to review the constitutionality of all laws passed by congress.

Louisiana Purchase 1803 Clever negotiating by Livingston and James Monroe gave the U.S. a remarkable land buy Ended French involvement in Louisiana, and created problems of its constitutionality for Thomas Jefferson.

Corps of Discovery: Lewis and Clark 1804 - 1806
Sacajawea

Jefferson Re-elected 1804 Defeats Charles Pinckney Pushed:
International peace Territorial expansion Inexpensive unobtrusive government

Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Ambitious New York Republican politician who narrowly lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. He became VP, and was indirectly responsible for the passage of the twelfth amendment Created a “ticket” of candidates in each political party. His later career was marked by the unfortunate duel with Alexander Hamilton Also the sordid Burr conspiracy in which he allegedly tried to arrange the secession of the southwestern part of the United States.

Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton
Then Burr Will attempt to separate the Western part of the US…go figure

Chesapeake Incident The crew of British frigate Leopard stopped, searched, and dragged four sailors off an American ship. The strained British-American relations that ensued and the issue of impressments fore-shadowed the advent of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807 Drafted by Madison
Forbade American traders from any economic involvement in European affairs. With this law, Jefferson was reluctantly shifting toward Washington’s foreign-relations position as stated in his Farewell Address. Very unpopular in New England Indirectly stimulates manufacturing in New England. Reduces European imports; boats do not want to leave empty.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Replaced Embargo
Formally reopened trade with all nations except France and Britain Remained until the War of 1812 Why did the Embargo fail?

Jefferson’s Legacy Expansion Ended European expansion
Native Americans For whites only Ended European expansion Democratic non-diplomatic government

Madison War of 1812 Macon's bill No. 2 William Henry Harrison
Andrew Jackson Treaty of Ghent Hartford Convention

Monroe Henry Clay= American System (3 parts)
Era of Good Feelings (misleading?) Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise Marshall Court Cases Treaty of 1818 Adams Onis Treaty Monroe Doc.

JQ Adams Election of 1824 Tariff of Abominations Election of 1828
Corrupt Bargain Tariff of Abominations South Carolina Exposition Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson New Democracy Spoils system Peggy Eaton Affair
Govt by the people Spoils system Peggy Eaton Affair Nullification crisis Bank War Indian Removal Act

Industrialization & Reform
Irish/German Immigration Slater, Whitney, Lowell, Deere, etc Eerie Canal, Transportation Rev 2nd Great Awakening Temperance, Women’s Rights, Education, etc.

Road to Civil War Civil War Reconstruction
Period 5: Robinson Road to Civil War Civil War Reconstruction

5.1.I Expansion in the West and Western Hemisphere
Manifest Destiny (western expansion) U.S. Racial/cultural superiority Native Americans Mexican war Economic interest California, Gadsden purchase Political debates increased Sectionalism – North v. South v. West Internal Improvements, Tariffs, Expansion of slavery West

5.1.I Impact of Mexican Am War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Slavery debate Wilmot Proviso Lands Gained from Mexico CA, AZ, NM CA = 1850 compromise Popular Sovereignty Did Mexico War lead to Civil War?

5.1 Western settlement Great Plains Development
Farming, Mining, Cattle Frontiers The Farm as a factory: new machines, sharecropping, debt Indian Wars on the Great Plains Wounded Knee, reservations Transcontinental Railroad

5.1 Expand trade to Asia Economic ties Diplomatic ties Cultural ties
open door in China, clipper ships Diplomatic ties Matthew Perry opens Japan to the West, Cultural ties Chinese exclusion Act

5.1.II Immigrants and Migrants
International migrants Germans – Midwest, Lutheran, Farmers, kindergarten Irish- Eastern cities, catholic, factory workers, political machines Nativist movements reacting to migrants Know Nothing Party Anti-catholic/anti-Irish

5.1.II Western Migration People
Asian Gold Rush Worked on R.R. African Am Migrated out of the South = exodusters Whites Farmers Homestead Act, Land Grants, Morill Land Grant Act

5.1 Expanded population conflicts
Migrants West lead to conflicts with Native Americans Sand Creek Wounded Knee Custer's last stand Dawes Act (change their culture and legal rights) Hispanics California Mexican American War

5.2 Sectionalism and slavery
Sectionalism intensified Slavery = abolitionists in North, expansion of slavery Regional econ and demographic changes South, North, West = population growing Tariffs, internal improvements Territorial Expansion CA and NM territories Gadsden purchase, Cultural Differences Factory workers v. farmers

5.2 Economic differences Northern economy Southern economy
Manufacturing, factory workers, Textiles, immigrant labor, Industrial rev Southern economy Plantations, oligarchy-aristocrats, slavery and King Cotton

5.2 Abolitionists Minority in North Strategies
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Fredrick Douglas Underground Railroad-Tubman Radicals willing to use bloodshed William Lloyd Garrison-The Liberator John brown-Harpers Ferry/Bleeding Kansas

5.2 Southern Defense of slavery as a positive good
States Rights Nullification Racist Stereotyping

5.2.II Compromise fails Compromise attempts Compromise 1850
Kansas Nebraska Act Dred Scott Decision All comps failed eventually 1860 election of Lincoln

5.2.II.B Sectional Parties and Division-Fragment over slavery
Whigs Split by the election of 1852 Democrats Split by election of 1860, Lecompton Constitution, Dred Scott Decision v. Popular Sovereignty Know Nothings Formed for Nativist Reasons Formation of Republicans – Free Soil position Created by the Kansas Nebraska Act

5.2 Southern Secession South left b/c of Lincoln’s 1860 election
Based on Republican free soil position S.C. first to secede

5.3.I Union victory in Civil War
Northern advantages Manpower, industrial resources, leaders, Emancipation Procl. = victory Southern advantages Defensive war, Homefield, better Generals (start) Opposition to the war NY draft riots, border states Econ mobilization Income tax, bonds, National Banking Act

5.3 Emancipation Procl (E.P.)
Lincoln issues E.P. changed the moral cause of the war African Am could fight (54th Massachusetts) Diplomatic motive Kept England out of the war

5.3.C- Southern Leadership and Union victory
Confederates Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson Union Success Leaders-Lincoln, Grant Strategies – Sherman's March to the Sea, Total War, More men, North blockade, split the south Resources- Northern Industry Key Victories-Gettysburg, Vicksburg, apamattox Destroy the South

5.3.II Impact of the War Civil War and Reconstruction changed the relationship politically = states rights, more power to the executive branch during the war/more power to congress during Reconstruction Socially/economically- ended slavery Constitutionally- 13th Amendment- free slaves 14th Amendment- citizenship, equal protection 15th Amendment- voting rights

5.3 13th Amendment 13th = freed slaves 14th and 15th Amend
Southern backlash Econ = sharecropping (crop lien), Black codes 14th and 15th Amend Social = KKK, went against Freedman’s bureau, grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests

5.3 Radical and moderate Republicans
Reconstruction changes Political power – shifts from Prez to Congress (in charge of Reconstruction) Impeach Johnson, tenure of office Act, Wade Davis Bill Military Reconstruction – divide south into military districts – supervise elections/protect blacks Blacks elected- Hiram Revels Senator Freedman’s Bureau Some short term success

5.3 Radical Repubs Ultimately fail to change the South
Reconstruction ends with compromise of 1877 – troops leave the South Solid South emerges Redeemers – put the blacks back in their prewar place Southerners regain control of state gov’ts

5.3.III Constitutional changes
14th and 15th Amendments- allowed citizenship and equal protection of law, as well as voting rights Southern backlash- Jim Crow laws, segregation, Lit tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes

5.3.III Women’s Rights African Am make gains and women’s movement tries to follow Didn’t gain suffrage Seneca Falls, Stanton, Mott, Susan B. Anthony

5.3.III Judicial decisions
Civil War Amendments established judicial principles eventually uphold court decisions Plessy v. Ferg Brown v. Board of ed

Gilded Age/Urbanization/Imperialism/American West
Period 6: Gilded Age/Urbanization/Imperialism/American West

6.1 Rise of big business 2nd Industrial Rev = Large scale mass production Tech change = ROSE R.R., Oil, Steel, Electricity = Edison R.R. = Transcontinental and Vanderbilt Subsidies and land International communication networks = Atlantic cable, Telephone Gov’t policies = No Regulation Laissez-faire, 14th amendment, Sherman Antitrust Act, Interstate Commerce Act Financial and Management structures = business consolidation Monopolies/trusts, Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan All resulted in the Gilded Age Era where big business rules America

6.1 Beyond U.S. borders Looking beyond America for markets and natural resources U.S. imperialism results from this Pacific = Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii Asia = China (Open Door), Philippines Latin America = Cuba, Spanish American War

6.1 Business Consolidation and Social Darwinism
Trusts: Rockefeller – standard oil Interlocking Directorates: Morgan Vertical and Horizontal Integration Social Darwinism = survival of the fittest Herbert Spencer Charles Graham Sumner Self made-man

6.1 Rich vs poor Gilded represents large income gap between the rich and the poor Urbanization = growth of cities, Am changed from a rural to urban society Conspicuous consumption nouveau riche South/Eastern Immigrants Tenement housing

6.1.II.A and B Industrial Workers/Labor
A. Immigrants and the labor movement New Immigrants = S.E. European immigrants Child labor Women: clerks, typists, operators, more opportunities B. Unions Civil War created labor unions AFL-Samuel Gompers, NLU, Knights of Labor = one big union Skilled v. Unskilled workers Battled for control with management – yellow dog contracts, lockouts, strikes = Homestead strike, Pullman strike

6.1 Southern econ - unchanged
Industrialization did little to impact the southern Economy Textile industry a little bit New South Return African Americans “back to their place” Southern whites take control politically Crop Lien System (sharecropping)

6.1.III Western migration Fight over Natural Resources
Gov’t agencies v. Corporate Control (Big Business) National Parks founded: Yosemite, Yellowstone No longer a western frontier by 1890

6.1.III Farmers in the West Farmers and technology (mechanized agriculture) Steel plow, mechanical reaper Farmers v. Railroads Short Haul/Long Haul abuses, Pools, Munn v. Illinois Local/Regional Political Organization Grange: education/club activities Farmer’s Alliance Populists William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Speech = inflation Omaha Platform

6.1.III Continued Local/Regional Political Organization
Grange: education/club activities Farmer’s Alliance Populists = More gov’t regulation, against Big Business William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Speech = inflation Omaha Platform Free silver Graduated income tax Gov’t owns R.R.

6.1.III Continued Business v. Conservationists
Battled for control of natural resources and creation of national parks John Muir Forest Reserve Act Leads to Gov’t setting aside land

6.2 Impact of Industrial Rev
International/internal migrants South/Eastern European Immigrants Italians, Polish, Czechs, Russian Jews, etc. Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty Asian Chinese, Japanese Chinese exclusion act African Americans Exodusters = leave the South Mass movement of people to the cities Immigrants, women (more opportunities), urbanization Mass movement of people to the West Farmers = Homestead Act, cowboys, miners

6.2 Cities show divide in US
Cities show distinctions in the following Class Gilded Age widens gap between rich v. poor Ethnicities Identity pockets/tenement housing for immigrants vs. Skyscrappers Terrible conditions Slums, crime, dirty, How the Other Half Lives – Jacob A. Riis Economic opportunities Jobs for women, immigrants

6.2 Immigrants Immigrants “Americanize” and maintain culture
A lot of immigrants held onto their catholic faith Social Gospel movement = help the poor Settlement Houses taught English and helped immigrants Social prejudices APA = American Protective Association Chinese Exclusion Act Nativism Victorian Middle Class values (comstock law)

6.2 Helping the urban poor/immigrants
Political Machines Votes for jobs, Boss Tweed – Tammany Hall Settlement Houses Jane Adams, Hull House, Florence Kelly Women’s clubs YWCA Political and Social Reform = Right to vote/Help the poor WCTU NAWSA

6.2.II American West Transcontinental R.R. complete – 3 frontiers
Buffalo destroyed Indians to reservations Migration west encourage by: Econ opportunities: Mining, Farming, Cattle, R.R. land grants Gov’t policy: Homestead Act, OK land rush (Sooners)

6.2.II Competition for Land
Western competition Whites Indians Mexican Americans Leads to violence: Plains Indians Wars, Wounded Knee, Sand Creek

6.2.II Gov’t Response to Indians
Response to American Indian Resistance with Military force Wounded Knee-Ghost dance, Sand Creek-Chivington Moving tribes to reservations Cheaper to feed the Indians than fight them Helen Hunt Jackson – A Century of Dishonor Dawes Act – Turn them into white farmers-forced assimilation 1934 Indian Reorganization Act repeals Dawes Act

6.3.I Gilded Age Politics Gilded Age Government tied to Big Business (B.B.) Issues: Tariffs (raise to help B.B.), currency (deflation helps B.B.), Laissez-faire (B.B.) What about the poor/middle class? Regulation Attempts (reform attempts) Interstate Commerce Act Sherman Antitrust Act Corruption in Gov’t Political bosses, bribery, pools, trusts Reforms politically Initiative, Referendum, Recall Omaha Platform proposals Socialist calls-Eugene Debbs

6.3.I Racism and Nativism APA- xenophobia Chinese Exclusion Act
Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) National court case Lynching's at an all time high 1890s Sharecropping Jim Crow laws (segregation laws) State level Literacy tests, poll tax, grandfather clause

6.3.II Culture and Intellectual Movements
Culture/Intellectual (think literature) movements – justified those who were successful Social Darwinism-Herbert Spencer Horatio Alger Dime store novels-rags to riches Gospel of Wealth Carnegie-rich are rich b/c of God’s will Rich have an obligation to society Carnegie philanthropy

6.3.II Challenges and Critics of the Wealthy
Corporate ethics and Capitalism challenged Socialist literature went against the rich Edward Bellamy: Looking backwards Henry George: 100% tax on wealth Veblen and Henry Lloyd attacked the rich Social Gospel Movement, American Red Cross, Salvation Army = help the poor Walter Rauschenbusch Settlement Houses

6.3.II Challenging Social Circumstances
Women Activists Florence Kelly, Jane Addams, NAWSA = Stanton African American Activists = equality Civil Rights for African Americans WEB Dubois = talented tenth, NAACP Booker T. Washington = Accommodation, more accepting

Imperialism, Progressivism, WWI, 1920s, GD and ND, WWII
Period 7: Imperialism, Progressivism, WWI, 1920s, GD and ND, WWII

7.1.I Business Mergers cont.
A. Big Business (large corporations) continue to grow and control the Econ. Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel, U.S. Steel Production of Consumer Goods (buying on credit) Ford Motor Company-Assembly line production, Radio, Movies New Technology Steel, Electricity- G.E. B. Am continued to grow into an urban/industrial nation Opportunities for women (Flappers)/immigrants in cities Immigrant growth slows in 1920s (Open door before this) Internal migrants: Great Migration – A.A. move North

7.1.I.C Econ Boom and Bust 1920s Econ 1930s Econ: Great Depression
Business, Ford Model T, buying on credit, Movies, White collar jobs, poor distribution of wealth, Stock Market Crash 1930s Econ: Great Depression Stronger Financial regulatory system Federal Reserve, FDIC, Banking Holiday Keynesian Economics

7.1.II Progressive Movement
: Pol and Social changes Progressivism = reform the corruption from the Gilded Age Big Business and Political machines Middle class men and women (white) Cure for democracy is more democracy Political Reforms Federal = 16th-19th Amendments = Income tax-Women’s suffrage TR = Square Deal = 3 C’s Conservation = Newlands Act, Control of Corp = Trustbusting, Consumer Protection = Pure Food and Drug Act Wilson = Triple Wall of Privilege = TTF = Federal Reserve State Reforms= Initiative, Referendum, Recall Social Reforms = Upton Sinclair = The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act

7.1.II Progressive Movement
Federal Economic changes Regulating Big Business Hepburn Act = ICC, Clayton Antitrust Act = Magna Carta of Labor, FTC Environmental Protection Newlands Act, Conserving Natural Resources, Setting Aside land, Gifford Pinchot

7.1.III Great Depression/New Deal
New Deal makes America a limited welfare state New Deal is Progressivism in full bloom Causes/effects of the Depression 3 R’s = Relief, Recovery, Reform Relief = AAA, CCC, Wagner Act, WPA, PWA, FERA Recovery = National Recovery Act Reform = FDIC, Social Security, TVA

7.1.III.B More New Deal Reform and Resistance
Radicals, union, and Populist push for more reform Radicals = Eugene Debbs Union= AFL-CIO, IWW Populists= William Jennings Bryan Conservative Resistance Supreme Court = Court Packing Scheme Resistance Francis Townshend = Social Security Huey Long = Share our wealth Father Coughlin

7.1 New Deal legacy New Deal did not fix the Depression (WWII)
Did provide relief during the worst economic crisis Increased the size of Fed Gov’t and made it responsible for people Increased workers support for Democrats = Wagner Act Increased African American support for Democrats

7.2 1920s Mass society and Culture
1920s New Technology and New Communications Radio, Movies Personal Mobility = Automobiles mass produced (Ford), Airplane travel Improved standard of living: electric appliances All of these created a more standardized national culture

s Conflicts Tech change, Modernization, and Changing demographics = We see conflicts all over the 1920s Urban vs. Rural (Cities growing), tradition vs. innovation Christian Fundamentalism vs. Scientific Modernism (Scopes Trial) Management v. Labor = Seattle Strike, Boston Police Strike, Coal Miners Strike Native-born v. Immigrant = Sacco/Vanzetti case, Red Scare-Fear of radicals, Palmer Raids, KKK, immigration laws White v. Black = KKK, Harlem Renaissance, Back to Africa Idealism v. Disillusionment- Lost Generation, F. Scott Fitzgerald

7.2 Culture and Art Great Migration – A.A. came north
Harlem Renaissance results Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong Art, Cinema, and Mass Media spread the culture Movies Radio = Jazz music Sports

7.2.II WWI WWI - Impact on immigration Impact on civil liberties
Red Scare, Palmer Raids – Fear of Radicals Causes Am to close our doors Quote System and Immigration Acts 1920s Impact on civil liberties Espionage and Sedition Acts Schneck vs. U.S. – limits freedom of speech

7.2.II post - WWI First Red Scare 1919-1920
Labor Strikes- Seattle, Boston Police, Steel A Mitchell Palmer- Palmer Raids Sacco and Vanzetti Fear of Radicals KKK = anti immigrant

7.2.II WWI impact on Immigration
Immigration Acts Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Immigration Act of 1924 Limits on S.E. European immigrants (radicals) Banned Asians Latino and Canadian immigrants allowed (labor supply) Increase in Mexican migrants

7.2.III WWI Migrants Great Migration- WWI Jobs in the factories
Harlem Renaissance/Jazz Age Resistance to Migration Some blacks stayed in the South – Jim Crow Laws, Legalized segregation Racial violence – KKK march on Washington D.C.

7.2.III Great Depression Migrants
Great Depression and World Wars brought migration Oakies and Arkies leave the Dustbowl for CA Grapes of Wrath Wartime Production drove migration African American-Migration to the Northern cities (WWI) Migration to the Sunbelt (West and South) during WWII

7.2.III WWII International migrants
Mexicans came to the U.S. for economic opportunities Bracero program – need for work on the farms Resistance – Zoot Suit Riots –L.A.

7.3 Global conflicts Debates over U.S. role in the World – Intervention vs. Isolation Imperialism in the late 19th century Spanish American War Reasons for U.S. imperialism Closing of Frontier Econ motives = New Markets Competition with European powers Racial theories = Josiah Strong/Our Country New Manifest Destiny Expansion to Asia, Latin Am, Pacific Islands

7.3.I.B Spanish Am War Results
Spanish Am War Gains Guam, Puerto Rico - Colonies Cuba – Platt Amendment Philippines – Insurrection, McKinley Christianize Military Presence in the Caribbean/Latin American Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Diplomacy Panama Canal Involvement in Asia Open Door Policy Gentlemen’s Agreement

7.3.I.C Questions about Foreign Policy
Debate about our Foreign Policy Imperialists v. Anti-Imperialists For – McKinley, TR, Big business Against – William J. Bryan, Anti-Imperialist League

7.3.II WWI Causes WWI neutrality – coming out of isolationism from Europe Unrestricted Sub Warfare-Germans Zimmerman Note WWI involvement – b/c of humanitarian and democratic principles Woodrow Wilson: “Make the World safe For Democracy” “A War to end all War” 14 Points and League of Nations (L of N)

7.3.II WWI – US role in the war
Troops – Am Expeditionary Force- John Pershing Limited role in the war – entered toward the end – food/supplies Post War Treaty of Versailles – never ratified by Senate Wilson in favor Irreconcilables –Isolationists Henry Cabot Lodge – Reservationists Never join the L of N

7.3.II 1920s and 1930s Isolationism Post WWI- US goes into isolationism and foreign policy involves: International Investment – Dawes Plan, Hawley Smoot Tariff Peace Treaties- Kellogg Briand Pact, Washington Naval Conference Limit Military intervention to promote peace-Stimson Doctrine, Neutrality Laws

7.3.III WWII neutral until Pearl harbor
Homefront – mobilize for war Women – Rosie the Riveter, WACS/WAVES/WAFS FEPC – fair hiring for minorities, A Philip Randolph War Production board

7.3.III WWII challenges for Minorities
All of the following question American Values Wartime experiences Navajo Code Talkers, Tuskegee Airmen, 442nd Japanese unit Civil liberties suppressed AA not getting jobs in factories Mex Am – Zoot Suit riots Japanese AM – internment Camps, Korematsu v. US, Executive Order 9066 Dropping of the A-bomb Manhattan project, Oppenheimer City/Civilian targets?

7.3.III WWII victory US and allies won b/c of:
Allied pol and military cooperation Atlantic Charter, Yalta Conference, Industrial Production Arsenal of Democracy Tech & scientific Advancements A-Bomb, Manhattan Project, sonar Commitment to advancing Democratic ideals United Nations created-Atlantic charter, Potsdam Conference

7.3.III WWII – US superpower
US emerges from WWII as the #1 superpower. WHY? Role in the victory A-Bomb, Nazi defeat at Battle of Bulge Postwar peace settlements Conferences Europe and Asia destroyed Leads to Marshall Plan, US rebuilds Japan

Period 8: Roots of the CW, 1950s vs. 1960s, Korean/Vietnam War, Civil Rights Movement

8.1 Post WWII/Roots of the CW
US in a position of global leadership Stem the growth of Communist military power/ ideological influence Containment, Truman Doctrine Create a stable global economy IMF/World Bank Build an international security system UN Foreign policy based on Collective security = NATO Multilateral econ framework = Marshall Plan

8.1 Containment U.S. exercised containment policies Truman Doctrine
George Kennan Marshall Plan Military engagements Korea = 38th parallel Containment works Vietnam = Containment fails

8.1 Direct/Indirect conflicts and cooling off
CW fluctuated between intense and relaxed moments in history Military confrontation and Conflict Korea/Vietnam Space Race/Sputnik, U2 Spy plane Incident, Cuban Missile Crisis, Arms Race Mutual Coexistence (DÉTENTE) Visits to Russia/China, SALT I and SALT II

8.1.II.A Postwar decolonization leads to issues Asia Africa
Philippines Independence, China turns Communist, Korean War, Vietnam War Africa Middle East Suez Crisis, Shah of Iran, Israel-Yom Kippur War US and Soviets both seeking allies after WWII, but many countries nonaligned NATO, Warsaw Pact, Eisenhower Doctrine, Alliance for Progress, SEATO

8.1.II CW competition in Latin America
CW conflict in Latin Am Cuba – Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Castro Alliance For Progress

8.1.II CW competition in Middle East
Middle East conflicts (Israel and OIL) Suez Crisis OPEC – Stagflation of the 1970s Eisenhower Doctrine Creating a national Energy policy

8.1.III 2nd Red Scare Civil liberties v. Security
McCarthyism HUAC- Alger Hiss, Rosenburgs Truman’s Loyalty Program Foreign Policy strategy of containing Communism Containment leads to Brinksmanship Leads to Flexible Response

8.1.III Protests during the CW
Minor Protests to the Korean War = Containment worked Major Protest to Vietnam = Hawks v. Doves New Left led by SDS spur anti-draft/anti-war sentiment Counterculture emerges = Rock n Roll, Woodstock Women, Civil Rights advocates join in Tet offensive results in massive protests LBJ out, riots outside of Dem Party convention Chicago Kent State, Jackson state 26th Amendment, Credibility Gap

8.1.III Arms Race Military Industrial Complex
Eisenhower Warns of this in his farewell address Appropriate Power of the Executive branch Gulf of Tonkin Resolution v. War Powers Act Imperial Presidents

8.2 Civil Rights Reconstruction era promises
CR strategies, Legal Challenges, fighting discrimination MLK, Rosa Parks – Montgomery Bus Boycotts Civil Disobedience = MLK, Freedom Riders, Sit ins, SNCC, March on Birmingham, Washington D.C.

8.2.I CR and 3 branches of Gov’t
Executive – President Truman – Desegregates the Military IKE- Crisis at Little Rock- Little Rock 9 Judicial Brown v. Board of Education Legislative Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act 1965

8.2.I Alternative CR measures
Civil Rights movement turns more violent in mid-1960s Debates about Tactics and Philosophy MLK v. Malcolm X Black Separatism, Black Power – Stokely Carmichael Black Panthers – Huey Newton Watts Riot Assassinations of MLK, Malcolm X

8.2.II Inspiring other 60s movements
Gender, ethnic, and Sexual equality Women’s Movement Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique, Gloria Steinem, NOW, ERA, Roe v. Wade Gay and Lesbian Stonewall Incident B. Latinos, American Indians, Asian Americans Latinos = Chicano Move, Caesar Chavez-UFW Am Indians = AIM, Wounded Knee, Alcatraz Asian Am = Japan Am Internment camp reparations

8.2.II 1950s = Postwar Econ Boom Conformity, Suburbs, Growth of Middle Class, Levittown Not good for everyone White Flight, poverty, minorities “Affluent Society” by John Galbraith Sets up need for Great Society

8.2.III Great Society Liberal programs similar to New Deal
Liberalism attacked by both right (conservatives) and the left (New Left) Great Society End racial discrimination = CR Act 1964, Voting Rts Act 1965, Affirmative Action Eliminate poverty = Medicare, Medicaid Social issues = Head Start, Immigration Act 1965, Elementary and Secondary Education Act Attack Communism abroad = Vietnam War

8.2.III Supreme Court Rulings
Liberal Supreme Court Decisions Earl Warren Miranda v. Arizona, Brown v. Board of Ed, Gideon v. Wainwright Warren Burger Roe v. Wade Bakke v. Board of Regents Both Court rulings and Great Society set up a conservative movement to defend traditional values in the 80s

8.2.III Left critical of US Not Doing enough econ/pol
New Left, SDS, students Not doing enough for civil rights Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael

8.3.I Postwar 1950s Sense of optimism
Middle Class Growth = GI bill of rights Conformity Baby boom Suburbs= Levittown Interstate Highway Act = cars TV Cult of domesticity People move the sunbelt

8.3.I Challenges to 1950s culture
Beat Movement, The Affluent Society, Rock and Roll Music, Hippies, Timothy Leary Civil Rights Women’s movement

8.3.I Conservatives defend their traditional values and family
Great Silent majority Election of Nixon Emergence of the New right

8.3.II Migrants Internal Migrants International Migrants
White Flight, growth of suburbs, Levittown International Migrants Immigration Act of 1965 – ended quota system Post Vietnam War immigrants, Fleeing Cubans

8.3.II Natural Resources and Environment
Natural Resources and the Environmental Movement Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act = Great Society EPA Earth Day Rachel Carson Silent Spring Superfund

8.3.III Divided Nation Nuclear Family- 1950s family togetherness
Family structure was changing in the 60s – baby boom more young people going to college Questioning things Title 9 for women Women increase in the workforce Affirmative Action

8.3.III Hippies American youths rebelled in the counterculture of the 1960s Counterculture, Hippies Generation Gap against parents Rock N Roll, Woodstock Timothy Leary Sexual Revolution Women’s Rights v. Cult of Dom

8.3.III Clashes between the Left and Right
Conservatives v. Liberals Social issues Civil Rights, Women’s Rights = Phyllis Schlafly v. Betty Friedan Power of the Prez Gulf of Tonkin v. War Powers Act, Watergate Individual Rts Roe v. Wade, Miranda Rights

8.3.I Conservatives defend their traditional values and family
Great Silent majority Election of Nixon Emergence of the New right

8.3.II Migrants Internal Migrants International Migrants
White Flight, growth of suburbs, Levittown International Migrants Immigration Act of 1965 – ended quota system Post Vietnam War immigrants, Fleeing Cubans

8.3.II Natural Resources and Environment
Natural Resources and the Environmental Movement Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act = Great Society EPA Earth Day Rachel Carson Silent Spring Superfund

8.3.III Divided Nation Nuclear Family- 1950s family togetherness
Family structure was changing in the 60s – baby boom more young people going to college Questioning things Title 9 for women Women increase in the workforce Affirmative Action

8.3.III Hippies American youths rebelled in the counterculture of the 1960s Counterculture, Hippies Generation Gap against parents Rock N Roll, Woodstock Timothy Leary Sexual Revolution Women’s Rights v. Cult of Dom

8.3.III Clashes between the Left and Right
Conservatives v. Liberals Social issues Civil Rights, Women’s Rights = Phyllis Schlafly v. Betty Friedan Power of the Prez Gulf of Tonkin v. War Powers Act, Watergate Individual Rts Roe v. Wade, Miranda Rights

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