1. Drafting the Constitution Research Paper

2. Step One: Finding the Research! Library: Thursday, February 2 and 3

3. What Are Sources? A source is what you turn to for information about your topic. A source can include any of the following: a book a magazine or newspaper article a scholarly journal article a film, television show, or radio program a web site a personal interview They generally fall under print sources, non-print sources, and electronic sources.

4. Go to the school’s library, go to your local public library, go to ANY library. Librarians are great people who are there to help you. They can show you how to… search for books on your topics; search for journal and magazine articles; use reference materials; access electronic data bases, such as EbscoHost and Infotrac, using key word searches evaluate web sites.

5. Searching on the Web Finding the Research: Computer Lab: Monday, Feb. 6 - Wednesday, Feb. 8

6. The information highway known as the Internet has potholes. Anyone can post anything on the Internet. There are no editors or experts reviewing the material. Yes, you can access legitimate sites like the American Cancer Society or university research centers, but you can also access pornography, incorrect or misleading information, biased opinions, and prejudiced information. While the Internet may provide you with some good information, your paper will be stronger for having searched many different kinds of sources.

7. Speaking of web sites… Even if you have Internet access on your home computer, you should still visit a library. Let’s play “True or False.” The Internet has been called an information highway. TRUE. It is free. It is vast. It is democratic. It is accessible 24 hours a day. Anyone can post anything. You can believe everything you read on the Internet. FALSE.

8. Step 3: Gathering and Organizing the Research/Facts Begin to assemble together your initial research materials and findings. Start by using lined notecards and begin organizing them in relation to one another. You should start to see main topics emerge from your research. It is helpful to sort and COLOR CODE the main topics and/or supporting details of the paper.

9. Color Code Information Let’s say you were writing a science research paper, we could use the following color codes: Background of DiseaseBLUE Type/Description of PathogenRED SymptomsPink TreatmentGREEN Preventative MeasuresPURPLE Miscellaneous (Fun, interesting, insightful, and unusual facts that do not fit under required subheadings.) BROWN

10. NOW: Writing Topic Sentences which Guide and Focus the Research Paper 1. Review each of your color coded categories. 2. Write a minimum of two to four topic sentences for each color coded subheading. 3. At this point, some students find it helpful to organize topic sentences into an outline. Others prefer to write rough draft paragraphs.

11. Step 2: The Importance of a First Draft Techniques to Help You Start Writing Brainstorming Freewriting Clustering Using Drafts

12. I bet some of you are thinking this… “I don’t know anything about my topic—what can I write about before I do research?” Soooooo think about this: A good research paper comes from wanting to know more about something. A good research paper contains facts and quotes but these ideas must be written through the writer’s own ideas and experiences. A good research paper is not a fact-finding mission; it is a synthesis of what you already know and what you learn in the process of your research. Use class notes, lectures, class assignments and textbooks as starting points for gathering research.

13. Writing a research paper is like writing any other academic paper, with the difference that you are bringing into your essay the words, ideas, and theories of others, often experts in that field of study. In the process of writing your research paper, you will learn a new set of vocabulary words and concepts. What follows is a list of these words/concepts and their definitions. Becoming familiar with them will help you in the research process. Points to Remember When Writing a Research Paper

14. Brainstorming Before you begin doing any research, take some time to brainstorm. When you brainstorm, list everything that comes to mind about your topic, all of your thoughts and ideas, in the order in which they occur to you. Let your mind make connections. Write down everything — even those things which appear silly and unimportant at first.

15. Freewriting Freewriting is nonstop writing. Set aside ten or fifteen minutes, and write whatever comes to you without thinking of word choice, spelling, organization, etc. Don’t stop. Don’t get in your own way—you will be surprised what gets down on paper. Freewriting is similar to brainstorming, in that you write what comes to you in the order it comes to you. However, rather than a list of your ideas, you develop your thoughts by having more of a conversation with yourself.

16. Clustering or Making a Graphic Organizer – An Alternative to Freewriting While brainstorming and freewriting are ways to get information down on paper, clustering or organizing your thoughts allows you to begin to see relationships among ideas. To cluster/make an organizer, put the main idea in the center of the page, circle it, and list other sub- topics around it, connecting ideas that belong together with lines. The result looks a lot like a spider’s web and will do wonders when you being to organize your paper.

17. The Rough Draft Most writers cannot sit down and, in one setting, produce quality work. Most writers write in steps or stages. The first step is a rough draft. It is the “get down” draft—where you get down your ideas onto paper. You do not need to worry yet about spelling, grammar, punctuation, etc. This first draft is also called the discovery or exploratory draft. Why? Because it is where you explore your topic and discover what you want to say about it.

18. Step 4: Appropriately using the facts in your paper. An effective direct quote is brief, vivid, and in context— meaning the quote fits naturally with the writer’s own words. Choose quotes carefully. Keep them as brief as possible. Use quotes that are interesting, relevant, or necessary in the development of the paper’s main ideas. NOTE: If a writer quotes directly, he or she is not allowed to make any changes to the original words. Direct Quotation Example: According to Coach Singleton, “If any more football players get hurt, we will have to change our team colors from silver and black to black and blue.” Using Quotations:

19. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is putting material (including major and minor points) into your own words and sentence structure. You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the results of a study, or a passage in an original source, as long as you use your own words to describe it. A paraphrase is often the same length as the original, but it is in your own words.

20. Example of a Paraphrase Original Text (from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”) “ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us if we speak something other than English” (21). Paraphrase Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of a language and it certainly would not be possible to make police enforce such laws in homes and public places (21). Example taken from Pocket Keys for Writers by Ann Raimes

21. What is Plagiarism? It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other writers into your paper. However, when you do so, you must acknowledge the writers of these sources. If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious academic offense.

22. The Subtle Forms of Plagiarism Other types of plagiarism are more subtle and include any of the following: failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas; failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks; failure to put summaries and paraphrases into your own words. Most students who plagiarize are simply unaware of the proper way to document sources in academic writing.

23. Step 5: Write a Bibliography From the moment you start collecting facts- make sure to copy down all information about that source.  Author  Date Published  Name of the Publication  Article Name  Title of Book  Publisher

24. Works Cited Allende, Isabel. “An Act of Vengeance.” Trans. E.D. Carter, Jr. Literature and Its Writers. Eds. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 66-71. Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Ed. Laura E. Hunt and William Barek. May 1998. U of Toronto. 11 May 1999. “The Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27. Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988.” Journal of Communication 49.2 (1992): 5-24. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980. on-line professional site anon. article in a magazine work from an anthology with a translator article in a journal that pages issues separately book two authors

25. Works Cited Navarro, Mireya. “Bricks, Mortar, and Coalition Building.” New York Times 13 July 2001: A1+. Russo, Michelle Cash. “Recovering from Bibliographic Instruction Blahs.” RQ: Research Quarterly 32 (1992): 178-83. Infotrac: Magazine Index Plus. CD-Rom. Information Access. Dec. 1993. Sidel, Ruth. On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream. New York: Penguin, 1990. Spanoudis, Steve. Poet’s Corner. 2 Feb. 1998. 4 Feb. 1998. Zacharias, Peter. Personal Interview. 23 Nov. 2001. book one author on-line professional site with author journal article with continuous pagination (from a database) article in a newspaper interview