1. Bell Quiz (Pages 555-556 and 569 – 577) 1. What date will “live in infamy?” 2. How many U.S. ships and airplanes were severely damaged or destroyed were severely damaged or destroyed at Pearl Harbor? How many Americans at Pearl Harbor? How many Americans died? died? 3. Where did Roosevelt and Churchill agree to attack first? agree to attack first? 4. Who was the city of Stalingrad named after? named after? 5. Define unconditional surrender?

2. Answers 1. December 7, 1941 2. 21 ships; 300 airplanes; 2,403 killed (1178 wounded). (1178 wounded). 3. Attack Hitler in Europe. Start with North Africa (Operation Torch) and North Africa (Operation Torch) and move north to Italy. move north to Italy. 4. Joseph Stalin 5. The enemy would have to accept the peace terms of the allied forces peace terms of the allied forces without negotiations. without negotiations.

3. Objectives Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war. Summarize the Allies’ plan for winning the war. Identify major events and battles in the beginning of the war such as the Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Torch, the Italian Campaign. Identify major events and battles in the beginning of the war such as the Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Torch, the Italian Campaign.

4. War Plans Beginning December 22, 1941, Prime Minister Churchill spent three weeks at the White House working out war plans with President Roosevelt. Beginning December 22, 1941, Prime Minister Churchill spent three weeks at the White House working out war plans with President Roosevelt. They believed that Germany and Italy posed a greater threat than Japan. They believed that Germany and Italy posed a greater threat than Japan. Churchill and Roosevelt planed to strike against Hitler first. Churchill and Roosevelt planed to strike against Hitler first. The plan was to gain the upper hand in Europe before focusing on the war in the Pacific. The plan was to gain the upper hand in Europe before focusing on the war in the Pacific. Attack North Africa and the soft under belly of Europe. Attack North Africa and the soft under belly of Europe.

5. Battle of the Atlantic The German goal in the Atlantic was to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union. The German goal in the Atlantic was to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Allies responded by organizing their cargo ships into convoys. Allies responded by organizing their cargo ships into convoys. The convoys were escorted by U.S. destroyers and airplanes. The convoys were escorted by U.S. destroyers and airplanes. By mid-1943 the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic had turned in the Allies favor. By mid-1943 the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic had turned in the Allies favor.

6. North Africa November 1942, the Allies launch Operation Torch: an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa. November 1942, the Allies launch Operation Torch: an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa. Commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Germany was led in Africa by Erwin Rommel. Germany was led in Africa by Erwin Rommel. May 1943, Rommel surrendered. May 1943, Rommel surrendered.

7. The Italian Campaign Summer 1943, The Allied forces captured Sicily. Summer 1943, The Allied forces captured Sicily. The Italian government forced Mussolini (Il Duce) to resign. The Italian government forced Mussolini (Il Duce) to resign. On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested. On July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested. Hitler and Germany refused to give up Italy so easily and made their stand 40 miles outside of Rome. Hitler and Germany refused to give up Italy so easily and made their stand 40 miles outside of Rome. “Bloody Anzio” lasted 4 months until the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied soldiers died and 30,000 Germans died “Bloody Anzio” lasted 4 months until the end of May 1944. 25,000 Allied soldiers died and 30,000 Germans died The Allied effort to free Italy did not succeed until 1945. The Allied effort to free Italy did not succeed until 1945.

8. Stalingrad: 7/17/42-2/2/43 The Battle of Stalingrad was the first major turning point of WWII and the bloodiest battle in modern history. The Battle of Stalingrad was the first major turning point of WWII and the bloodiest battle in modern history. Stalingrad was a major industrial center that Hitler wanted destroyed. Stalingrad was a major industrial center that Hitler wanted destroyed. By the end of September 1942 Germany controlled nine-tenths of the city by going house to house in brutal hand-to-hand combat. By the end of September 1942 Germany controlled nine-tenths of the city by going house to house in brutal hand-to-hand combat. When winter hit the Soviets army closed around the city with fresh tanks and troops, cutting off supplies to German troops. When winter hit the Soviets army closed around the city with fresh tanks and troops, cutting off supplies to German troops. The German commander surrendered on 1/31/1943. The German commander surrendered on 1/31/1943. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked a turning point in the war. The soviet army began moving westward. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad marked a turning point in the war. The soviet army began moving westward. 1.1 million soviets died. Germany lost 1.5 million. 1.1 million soviets died. Germany lost 1.5 million.

9. D-Day The Allies agreed that the best approach to victory was a massive invasion of France across the English Channel (Operation Overlord). The Allies agreed that the best approach to victory was a massive invasion of France across the English Channel (Operation Overlord). Dwight D. Eisenhower was given command of Operation Overlord. Dwight D. Eisenhower was given command of Operation Overlord. Eisenhower planed to attack Normandy in northern France with 3 million Allied troops. Eisenhower planed to attack Normandy in northern France with 3 million Allied troops. On June 6, 1944, Eisenhower ordered the invasion of France (D-day). On June 6, 1944, Eisenhower ordered the invasion of France (D-day). D-day was the largest land- sea-air operation in army history. D-day was the largest land- sea-air operation in army history.

10. THE ATLANTIC WALL Erwin Rommel spent several years fortifying the cliffs and beaches on the European coast with concrete walls to deter a possible allied invasion. Erwin Rommel spent several years fortifying the cliffs and beaches on the European coast with concrete walls to deter a possible allied invasion. 6 million mines were placed in Northern France and the English Channel. 6 million mines were placed in Northern France and the English Channel. Under water obstacles were constructed in the English Channel and anti-tank obstacles built on the beaches. Under water obstacles were constructed in the English Channel and anti-tank obstacles built on the beaches.

11. D-DAY INVASION Operation “Body Guard”: Phantom army built in Dover, England was given message to attack Calais, France-150 miles away-across the English Channel. Operation “Body Guard”: Phantom army built in Dover, England was given message to attack Calais, France-150 miles away-across the English Channel. Phantom army was commanded by General Patton. Phantom army was commanded by General Patton. The Germans intercept the message and Hitler orders the bulk of the German troops to fortify Calais. The Germans intercept the message and Hitler orders the bulk of the German troops to fortify Calais. Fake parachutist with guns that fire upon impact with the ground. Fake parachutist with guns that fire upon impact with the ground.

12. Operation Body Guard http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm /british_history/7260 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm /british_history/7260 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm /british_history/7260 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm /british_history/7260

13. D-DAY On June 6, 1944 3 allied divisions parachuted down behind German lines shortly after midnight. On June 6, 1944 3 allied divisions parachuted down behind German lines shortly after midnight. The job of the light infantry airborne units was to isolate and remove the German howitzers that protected the English Channel and to block the Germans from getting reinforcements to the beach cities. The job of the light infantry airborne units was to isolate and remove the German howitzers that protected the English Channel and to block the Germans from getting reinforcements to the beach cities.

14. D-Day At 6:30 AM on June 6, 1944 the Allied air planes ineffectively bombed the beaches and pillboxes of Normandy for 1 hour. At 6:30 AM on June 6, 1944 the Allied air planes ineffectively bombed the beaches and pillboxes of Normandy for 1 hour. At 7:30 AM the Allied forces began landing troops on the beaches. At 7:30 AM the Allied forces began landing troops on the beaches. The U.S. took 2 beaches-Utah and Omaha. Britain and Canada took 3 beaches-Gold, Juno, and Sword. The U.S. took 2 beaches-Utah and Omaha. Britain and Canada took 3 beaches-Gold, Juno, and Sword. The allies held an 80 mile strip of the beach after 7 days, but within a month the allies had landed 1 million troops. The allies held an 80 mile strip of the beach after 7 days, but within a month the allies had landed 1 million troops. By August 25, 1944 the allied forces had liberated Paris and Northern France from German occupation. By August 25, 1944 the allied forces had liberated Paris and Northern France from German occupation.

15. LUCK ON D-DAY 1) Weather. Would have had to wait until end of July if the weather wasn’t good enough on June 6 for the attack. 2) Operation Body Guard fooled the Germans. Largest German battalion stayed at Calais convinced the allies would attack there. 3) Rommell left the front and went home to celebrate his wife’s birthday. 4) Hitler was asleep at the time of the attack and no one was brave enough to wake him up.

16. Review What was the Allies’ plan for winning the war? What was the Allies’ plan for winning the war? What type of surrender did the allies demand from the axis powers? What type of surrender did the allies demand from the axis powers? Where is Normandy and what is the importance of the D-Day invasion? Where is Normandy and what is the importance of the D-Day invasion?