1. Instrument Training Material
Control Valve
Instrument Training Material

2. Control Valve Final Control Element
Most widely used
Other types of final control elements are
Dampers or louvers
Variable pitch fan blades

3. Final Control Element Considered as the muscle of automatic control.
They furnish the necessary power application between the low energy levels of controllers and the high energy level needed to perform their function in control of the process.
Final Control Element

4. Final Control Element
Final Control Element

5. Control Valve
A power operated device that manipulates the fluid flow rate, temperature, level in a process control system.
It consists of a valve connected to an actuator mechanism that is capable of changing the position of a flow-controlling element within the valve in response to a signal from the controlling system.

6. Control Valves
Functions as a variable resistance, creating a variable pressure drop in a pipeline
This pressure-drop process is often called throttling
It is consists of three major sub-assemblies:
The valve body assembly
The internal trim parts
An actuator assembly
Variety of additional valve accessories

7. Control Valve
Actuator Assembly
Valve Positioner
Valve Body Assembly

8. Actuator The power to drive the valve. Power source could be: Manual.
lever or gear box.
Pneumatic.
Hydraulic.
Electrical driven.

9. Valve Positioner
Control element determine the opening or closing position, action and characteristic of the valve.
It receive signal from controller.
It converts the signal to the appropriate opening or closing setting of the valve.
It provides the accurate control of the valve.

10. Valve Body The part of a valve that is the main pressure boundary,
providing pipe connecting ends,
the fluid flow passage way,
in some cases, the part that supports the seating surfaces and closure member.

11. Size varies from 1” to 36” valve body!
Control Valve
Size varies from 1” to 36” valve body!

12. Control Valves Components -
Although there are so many types and makes of control valves, this drawing can be used to illustrate the location and description of the different components of control valve. The main difference mainly will be the type of actuator used by different manufacturers.

13. Body Construction
In order to fulfill the control valve function, the valve body must:
Withstand the maximum operating pressure.
Have adequate capacity in respect of flow area.
Have correct flow characteristic.
Be able to resist erosion and corrosion.

14. Valve Body
All wetted parts of the control valve, including external bolts/studs and nuts must be designed to the same rating or equivalent piping class.
On the PEFS’s you will find the following information:
DN P
Line Size in metric units
Pipeline Number
Rating of the Piping Equipment
Material Composition of Piping Equipment

15. Piping Class
The piping classes are divided in different sections and the International Standard ANSI B are applicable with the exception of the Classes 125, 250 and 400
The following Classes are used and their abbreviations:
1 = Class 150
3 = Class 300
6 = Class 600
9 = Class 900
15 = Class 1500
25 = Class 2500

16. Body Size
The control valve body size may have the same size as the calculated trim size, but oversized bodies, up to the size of the adjacent piping, may be required to reduce the outlet velocity of the fluid
The control valve body size shall be selected from the following series:
Metric Sizes: DN 25, 40, 50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 450, 500, 600, and larger
Imperial Sizes: 1”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”, 20”, and larger

17. Valve Trim Reduced trim means bore size smaller than port size
Full trim means bore size = port size.

18. End Connections
The following are the possible connections for control valves. Normally, all control valves should have flanged ends.
Some types of control valves, such as Camflex Valves and Butterfly Valves do have flangeless valve bodies, which are less expensive.
Integral Flange
Separable Flange

19. End Connections Socket-weld Butt-weld
Screwed
Threaded connections are not permitted for process fluids. Allowed only for instrument air regulators if flange type cannot be obtained

20. Globe Valves is the most widely used control valve in process control
provides tight shut off
withstand high differential pressure
changeable flow characteristic
by using different plug style offers a wide range of sizes, pressure ratings, and flow characteristics

21. Globe Valves Single Seated Globe Valves:
This is the most preferred type for all applications with the exception of very high flow rates in combination with low pressure drops

22. Globe Valves
Double Seated Globe Valves - provides large capacities and ideal for high pressure applications with dirty fluids
Disadvantages
high leakage rate
very expensive

23. Globe Valves Angle-Body Globe Valve -
This type of valve is designed specifically for erosive liquid and gas applications. Normally installed with the flow entering at the side and leaving at the bottom

24. Globe Valves 3-Way Globe Valves:
For combining or diverting flow applications; provide large flow with low-pressure recoveries.

25. Flow Characteristics
Control valve Flow characteristics is the relationship between flow rate through the valve and valve travel as the travel is varied from 0 to 100%
CV: The VALVE FLOW COEFFICIENT is the number of U.S. gallons per minute of 60 degree F water that will flow through a valve at a specified opening with a pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. 
Inherent flow characteristic: refers to the characteristic observed with at constant pressure drop across the valve

26. Flow Characteristics
The three most common types of flow characteristics are:
Equal percentage - The inherent flow characteristic, which, for equal increments of rated travel, will ideally give equal percentage changes of the existing flow Cv at constant Delta P.
Linear - equal increments of travel provide equal increments of flow Cv at constant pressure drop.

27. Flow Characteristics Cont….
Quick opening – Provides for maximum change in flow rate at low valve travels with a nearly linear relationship. Additional increases in valve travel give sharply reduced changes in flow rate. Quick open plugs are used for on-off applications designed to produce maximum flow quickly.

28. Flow characteristics of globe valves can be deter-mined by the shape of the plug head.

29. Cavitation A two-stage phenomenon of liquid flow
The first stage is the formation of cavities (vapor bubbles) within the liquid stream
The second stage is the collapse or implosion of those cavities (beyond the vena contracta) back into an all liquid state
The energy released by cavitating liquids can, under certain circumstances, cause physical damage of valve or piping components

30. Cavitation Pressure Velocity Pv Pressure P1 P2 Liquid Vapor pressure
PVc
Velocity Pv
Velocity

31. Anti-Cavitation Valves - For liquid services in which high pressure drops occur, the application of a conventional trim with standard flow direction often results in very high velocities and cavitation. This type of application requires anti-cavitation valve.
Low Noise Valves - Liquid flow noise, cavitation noise, and flashing noise can be generated by the flow of a liquid through a valve and a piping system. Special design of control valve is necessary to reduced the noise level to acceptable value.

32. Flashing Pressure Velocity Pv
Pressure P1
Pressure
PVc
Velocity
Liquid Vapor pressure Pv
Velocity P2
The liquid pressure drops below the vapor pressure and remains as vapor until the downstream pressure recovers.
Flashing will cause choke flow condition to occur.
In addition the vapor bubbles can also cause mechanical damage to the valve and piping system. 

33. Cavitation & Flashing
Recovery Point
Cavitation point

34. Packing Box and Bellows Seal - The packing box or stuffing box is the most commonly used stem seal. The bellows seal is used only for highly toxic process fluid where leakage is not permissible. For services with fluid temperature outside the packing material temperature limits, an extended bonnet is used. Also for very low temperature service, an extended bonnet is selected to prevent ice formation on the stem.
PTFE Internal Lining
Extended Bonnet
Packing box
contains a number of compressed packing to maintain seal.
Standard Bonnet
Bellows seal
is used for corrosive or highly toxic fluids.

35. VariPak Control Valve made by Masoneilan
Miniature Valves - are used for very small flows size DN 25 (1”) and smaller.
VariPak Control Valve made by Masoneilan
Advantages: Adjustable Cv Can be adjusted from 100% to 40 % without any change of input signal and/or control valve components
Large Cv range is achieved by changing different plugs and different shape of seat.

36. Eccentric Rotary Plug Valve (Camflex)
Can be substituted for globe-body control valve.
The seat portion of the plug has the form of a spherical segment which is rotated through 50 degrees for maximum opening.
The design eliminates high torque and rapid wear of seat ring.
The tight shut off is achieved through the flexing action of the plug legs.
Camflex Valve

37. Rotary Globe Valve (Varimax)
Provide control of high pressure compressible fluids without the erosion, vibration and high noise levels associated with conventionally designed rotary valves. Because of their relatively large flow passages they are particularly well suited for applications involving gases.
Varimax Valve

38. Butterfly Valve High flow rate Low pressure drop
Consists of a cylindrical body with a disk or vane.
Advantage - reduces the likelihood of clogging.
Disadvantages
Not tight shut-off
Flow characteristic cannot be change

39. Ball Valve
Similar to a butterfly valve except that its flow-control element is a sphere instead of a disk, and thus has a greater seating area.
Because of this, ball valves allow higher differential pressures and better sealing.
Normally used for on-off service (like emergency shutdown application).
The ball valve is not ideal for throttling service.

40. Actuators Spring-Opposed Diaphragm Actuator Spring Diaphragm Actuator
Fail Open
Fail Close
Spring
Spring Diaphragm Actuator
Set of Springs
Fail Open
Fail Close
Diaphragm
Multi-Spring, Spring Diaphragm Actuator

41. Spring-Opposed Piston Actuator
Long-Stroke Piston Actuator

42. Positioner Schematic for spring-diaphragm actuator or spring-opposed piston actuator.

43. Positioner Schematic - Two Output Signal

44. Control Valve Accessories
Filter Regulators - For control valves which cannot handle the maximum air supply pressure of up to 8 Bar, they are provided with Air Filter Regulator.
Filters - For actuators which can handle the maximum air pressure, a Air Filters is used instead of Air Filter Regulator.

45. Control Valve Accessories
Handwheels - For control valves which needs to be open manually, in most cases during plant start-up, require hand wheel. The hand wheel facility is designed such that one man can operate the valve.
Limit Stops are provided to prevent the control valve from fully closing or fully opening.

46. Control Valve Accessories
Limit Switches are installed in control valves to electrically indicate open, closed, or intermediate position of the valve stroke
Limit switches can either be
micro-switches enclosed in an explosion proof box
or proximity sensors

47. Volume Boosters are used on throttling control valves to provide fast stroking action with large input signal changes. Depending on the actuator size, packing set and the number used, boosters can decrease valve stroking times by as much as 90%.
Lock-up Valves
are used for control calves which must stay-put (remains at last position) in case of an instrument air failure. They are known also as Stay-Put Valves.
Quick-Exhaust Valves are applied to achieve a specified opening or closing time
Solenoid Valves are used to interrupt or cut-off air signal to the actuator. It is used to switch a particular control valve or ESD shut-off valve to their fail safe position (Fail Close or Fail Open).

48. Schematic of Control Valve Basic Piping
From DCS I
Current to Pneumatic Transducer P
Pneumatic Signal
PsiG
Valve
Actuator
Pneumatic Positioner
Output To Actuator
Regulated Air Supply
Setting dependent on Actuator operating pressure
Valve travel Feedback to Positioner
Instrument Gauges

49. Schematic of Double Acting Control Valve Piping
Pneumatic
Positioner
Current to
Transducer
Valve
Actuator
Output
To Actuator
Valve travel
Feedback
to Positioner mA
From DCS
Pneumatic Signal
PsiG
Regulated
Air Supply
Instrument Gauges
Setting dependent on
Actuator operating pressure

50. Example of ControlValve Piping Schematic Drawing
POSIT-
IONER A B C D E F
Exh
Air Regulator
Set 3.8 Barg
Check
Valve
Lock up
Set 3.4 Barg
Trip Valve
Set 2.8 Barg
Volume Tank
Booster Relay
Signal
4-20mA
Air supply
The valve remains at last position incase of Air Failure.

51. Instrument Standard ANSI – American National Standards Institute
API – American Petroleum Institute
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
BSI – British Standard Institute

52. Instrument Standard DIN – The German Institute for Standardization
ISO – International Organization for Standardization
NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology
CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

53. Next On….. Basic Control Theory..
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