1. Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

2. Openers BASF Video Energy Efficiency Quiz

4. Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (1) Amory Lovins, energy analyst Rocky Mountain Institute Nonprofit and nonpartisan Research and consulting on energy, energy efficiency, and renewable energy Consults with 80 major corporations and 50 foreign countries

5. Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (2) Location: Snowmass, CO (U.S.) No conventional heating system Heating bills: <$50/year How is this possible?

6. Sustainable Energy: Rocky Mountain Institute in Colorado, U.S. Fig. 16-1, p. 397

7. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? Concept 16-1 Improving energy efficiency can save the world at least a third of the energy it uses, and it can save the United States up to 43% of the energy it uses.

8. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2) Four widely used devices that waste energy 1.Incandescent light bulb 2.Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine 3.Nuclear power plant 4.Coal-fired power plant

9. Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste Fig. 16-3, p. 399

10. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? Concept 16-2 We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, and buildings.

11. We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (1) Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) Two forms of energy from same fuel source Replace energy-wasting electric motors Recycling materials Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting

12. LEDs Fig. 16-4, p. 401

13. We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (2) Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful Utility companies switching from promote use of energy to promoting energy efficiency Spurred by state utility commissions

14. We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. countries Fuel-efficient cars are on the market Hidden prices in gasoline: $12/gallon Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to prevent laws to raise fuel taxes Should there be a feebate?

15. Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the U.S. and Other Countries Fig. 16-5, p. 402

16. More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way Superefficient and ultralight cars Gasoline-electric hybrid car Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Energy-efficient diesel car Electric vehicle with a fuel cell

17. Solutions: A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid Car Fig. 16-6, p. 403

18. We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money Green architecture Living or green roofs Superinsulation U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

19. A Green Roof in Chicago Fig. 16-8, p. 405

20. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (1) Conduct an energy survey Insulate and plug leaks Use energy-efficient windows Stop other heating and cooling losses Heat houses more efficiently

21. We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (2) Heat water more efficiently Use energy-efficient appliances Use energy-efficient lighting

22. A Thermogram Shows Heat Loss Fig. 16-9, p. 406

23. Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You Live Fig. 16-10, p. 407

24. We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity Renewable energy Solar energy: direct or indirect Geothermal energy Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate Inequitable subsidies Inaccurate prices Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy

25. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? Concept 16-3 Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively, and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce high- temperature heat and electricity are coming down.

26. We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar Energy Passive solar heating system Active solar heating system

27. Solutions: Passive and Active Solar Heating for a Home Fig. 16-11, p. 409

28. Passive Solar Home in Colorado Fig. 16-12, p. 410

29. Trade-Offs: Passive or Active Solar Heating Fig. 16-14, p. 411

30. World Availability of Direct Solar Energy Figure 22, Supplement 8

31. U.S. Availability of Direct Solar Energy Figure 23, Supplement 8

32. We Can Cool Buildings Naturally Technologies available Open windows when cooler outside Use fans Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows Overhangs or awnings on windows Light-colored roof Geothermal pumps

33. Solutions: Solar Cooker in India Fig. 16-17, p. 412

34. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (1) Photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells) Convert solar energy to electric energy Design of solar cells Sunlight hits cells and releases electrons into wires Benefits of using solar cells Solar-cell power plants around the world

35. Solutions: Solar Cells on Rooftop and for Many Purposes Fig. 16-18, p. 413

36. Solar Cell Array in Niger, West Africa Fig. 16-19, p. 413

37. Solar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona Fig. 16-20, p. 414

38. We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (2) Key problems High cost of producing electricity Need to be located in sunny desert areas Fossil fuels used in production Solar cells contain toxic materials Will the cost drop with Mass production New designs Government subsidies and tax breaks

39. Trade-Offs: Solar Cells Fig. 16-21, p. 414

40. 16-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower Concept 16-4 We can use water flowing over dams, tidal flows, and ocean waves to generate electricity, but environmental concerns and limited availability of suitable sites may limit the use of these energy resources.

41. We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water Hydropower Uses kinetic energy of moving water World’s leading renewable energy source used to produce electricity Advantages and disadvantages Micro-hydropower generators

42. Tradeoffs: Dams and Reservoirs Fig. 13-13, p. 328

43. Trade-Offs: Large-Scale Hydropower, Advantages and Disadvantages Fig. 16-22, p. 415

44. Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity Produce electricity from flowing water Ocean tides and waves So far, power systems are limited Disadvantages Few suitable sites High costs Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion

45. 16-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power? Concept 16-5 When we include the environmental costs of using energy resources in the market prices of energy, wind power is the least expensive and least polluting way to produce electricity.

46. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (1) Wind: indirect form of solar energy Captured by turbines Converted into electrical energy Second fastest-growing source of energy What is the global potential for wind energy? Wind farms: on land and offshore

47. World Electricity from Wind Energy Figure 12, Supplement 9

48. Solutions: Wind Turbine and Wind Farms on Land and Offshore Fig. 16-23, p. 417

49. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (2) Countries with the highest total installed wind power capacity Germany United States Spain India Denmark Installation is increasing in several other countries

50. Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (3) Advantages of wind energy Drawbacks Windy areas may be sparsely populated – need to develop grid system to transfer electricity Winds die down; need back-up energy Storage of wind energy Kills migratory birds “Not in my backyard”

51. Trade-Offs: Wind Power Fig. 16-25, p. 418

52. United States Wind Power Potential Figure 24, Supplement 8

53. 16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Source Concept 16-6A Solid biomass is a renewable resource for much of the world’s population, but burning it faster than it is replenished produces a net gain in atmospheric greenhouse gases, and creating biomass plantations can degrade soil biodiversity. Concept 16-6B We can use liquid biofuels derived from biomass in place of gasoline and diesel fuels, but creating biofuel plantations can degrade soil and biodiversity and increase food prices and greenhouse gas emissions.

54. We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid Biomass Biomass Plant materials and animal waste we can burn or turn into biofuels Production of solid mass fuel Plant fast-growing trees Biomass plantations Collect crop residues and animal manure Advantages and disadvantages

55. Trade-Offs: Solid Biomass Fig. 16-26, p. 420

56. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (1) Liquid biofuels Biodiesel Ethanol Biggest producers of biofuel The United States Brazil The European Union China

57. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (2) Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel produced from oil 1.Biofuel crops can be grown almost anywhere 2.No net increase in CO 2 emissions if managed properly 3.Available now

58. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (3) Studies warn of problems: Decrease biodiversity Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching Push farmers off their land Raise food prices Reduce water supplies, especially for corn and soy

59. Case Study: Is Biodiesel the Answer? Biodiesel production from vegetable oil from various sources 95% produced by the European Union Subsidies promote rapid growth in United States Advantages and disadvantages

60. Trade-Offs: Biodiesel Fig. 16-27, p. 421

61. Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (1) Ethanol from plants and plant wastes Brazil produces ethanol from sugarcane Environmental consequences United States: ethanol from corn Low net energy yield Reduce the need for oil imports? Harm food supply Air pollution and climate change?

62. Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (2) Cellulosic ethanol: alternative to corn ethanol Switchgrass Crop residues Municipal wastes Advantages and disadvantages

63. World Ethanol Production Figure 13, Supplement 9

64. Natural Capital: Rapidly Growing Switchgrass Fig. 16-29, p. 423

65. Trade-Offs: Ethanol Fuel Fig. 16-30, p. 423

66. 16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy? Concept 16-7 Geothermal energy has great potential for supplying many areas with heat and electricity, and it has a generally low environmental impact, but sites where it can be used economically are limited.

67. Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (1) Geothermal energy: heat stored in Soil Underground rocks Fluids in the earth’s mantle Geothermal heat pump system Energy efficient and reliable Environmentally clean Cost effective to heat or cool a space

68. Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump System Can Heat or Cool a House Fig. 16-31, p. 425

69. Geothermal Sites in the United States Figure 26, Supplement 8

70. Trade Offs: Geothermal Energy Fig. 16-33, p. 426

71. 16-9 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future? Concept 16-9 We can make the transition to a more sustainable energy future if we greatly improve energy efficiency, use a mix of renewable energy resources, and include environmental costs in the market prices of all energy resources.

72. Solutions: Making the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future Fig. 16-37, p. 431

73. Economics, Politics, Education, and Sustainable Energy Resources Government strategies: Keep the prices of selected energy resources artificially low to encourage their use Keep energy prices artificially high for selected resources to discourage their use Consumer education

74. What Can you Do? Shifting to More Sustainable Energy Use Fig. 16-38, p. 432

75. Three Big Ideas 1.We should evaluate energy resources on the basis of their potential supplies, how much net useful energy they provide, and the environmental impacts of using them. 2.Using a mix of renewable energy sources— especially solar, wind, flowing water, sustainable biofuels, and geothermal energy—can drastically reduce pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity losses.

76. Three Big Ideas 3.Making the transition to a more sustainable energy future will require sharply reducing energy waste, using a mix of environmentally friendly renewable energy resources, and including the harmful environmental costs of energy resources in their market prices.