1. The Origins of the American Legal System
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2. 2350 BC: Urukagina's Code
Consolidation of existing laws laid down by ___________ kings.
Reform document which allowed citizens to know why certain actions were punished
1st known established _______________

3. 2350 BC: Urukagina's Code Harsh by modern standards.
Thieves and adulteresses were to be stoned to ________ with stones inscribed with the name of their crime.
The code confirmed that the "king was appointed by the gods".
Godly __________ would not be challenged

4. 2050 BC: Ur-Nammu's Code Advanced legal system which included:
__________________
the giving of testimony under oath
format for judicial decisions
__________________________

5. 2050 BC: Ur-Nammu's Code The Code allowed for:
dismissal of ___________justices
protection for the ____________
punishment proportional to the crime.

6. Earliest Documented Legal Decision
A clay tablet reveals the case of the murder of a temple employee by three men. The victim's wife knew of the murder but remained silent. Nine witnesses testified against the men and woman and asked for the death penalty for all four. But the wife had two witnesses which told the court that she had been abused by her husband, that she was not part of the murder and that she was even worse off after her husband's death. The men were executed in front of the victim's house but the woman was spared.

7. 1700 BC: Hammurabi's Code __________ on a huge rock column
"an eye for an eye" has come to symbolize the code
All accused had a trial
Code ________ vast empire stability
Appeals, equal access for women, protection for the poor provided

8. 1700 BC: Hammurabi's Code 282 clauses regulating: ___________________
professions
__________________________
slavery
theft
_________________________

9. 1700 BC: Hammurabi's Code
Lex Talionis - Eye for an eye, tooth for tooth
Suspicion was not grounds for trial
Accused must be caught in act
No ________________________
Capital trial required a panel of judges and a panel of elders

10. 1700 BC: Hammurabi's Code Other trials had 1 judge and 12 elders
Witnesses took oath
Ordeal by water used in cases beyond the knowledge of men
wizards, suspected wives
Capital penalty common ___________________________

11. 1700 BC: Hammurabi's Code
The punishment for theft was the cutting off of a hand or death. A man's lower lip was cut off if he kissed a married woman. Defamation was punished by cutting out the tongue. If a house collapses because the builder did not make it strong enough, killing the owner, the builder was put to death. If the owner's son died, then the builder's son was executed, the loss of the eye that pried into forbidden secrets, cutting off the hand that struck a father

12. 1300 BC: The Ten Commandments
Continues today in the form of ______________________________
______________ follows the recitation of the Commandments (20:1) with a complete set of Hammurabi's Code (21:1)

13. 1300 BC: The Ten Commandments
1. Prefer no other gods to me.
2. Do not make for yourselves any graven image
3. Do not misuse my name.
4. Keep the Sabbath
5. Honor your Parents
1. N_____________
2. N_____________
3.Vulgarity prohibited – Ob___________
4. Blue ___________
5. Custody, Unruly Ch___________

14. 1300 BC: The Ten Commandments
6. Do not kill.
7. Do not commit adultery.
8. Do not steal.
9. Do not bear false witness.
10. Do not covet your neighbor's house.
6. Murder
7. Adultery, Sodomy, Fornication
8. Property Crime - theft
9. _________, defamation
10. “Man’s Castle”

15. 621 BC: Draco's Law The __________ written laws of Greece
Introduced the state's exclusive role in punishing persons accused of crime
removed private justice and priestly judgement
The penalty for many offences was ___________________

16. 621 BC: Draco's Law
"draconian" comes from his name and has come to mean, in the English language, an unreasonably harsh law
The citizens adored Draco and upon entering an auditorium one day to attend a reception in his honor, the citizens of Athens showered him with their hats and cloaks as was their customary way to show appreciation. By the time they dug him out from under the clothing, he had been smothered to death.

17. 600 BC: Lycergus' Law
Designed to support the military vocation of Sparta
Greatest crime was retreat in battle
Controlled virtually every aspect of the lives of citizen
It held that women had a duty to have children and that children born with deformity were killed. Children became wards of Sparta at the age of seven to prepare them for military duty

18. 536 BC: The Book of Punishments
A legal book printed in China which limited the ways to punish someone where they had been convicted of a serious crime.
They included tattooing, cutting off of the nose, castration, feet amputation and death.

19. 450 BC: The Twelve Tables
These laws are considered to form the foundation of all modern law
Organized public prosecution of crimes
Instituted a system whereby injured parties could seek compensation from their aggressors

20. 450 BC: The Twelve Tables
Protected the lower class (plebes) from the legal abuses of the ruling class (the patricians) especially in the enforcement of ______________
Basic principle of Roman law is that the law must be written and justice cannot be left in the hands of _____________ alone to interpret

21. 450 BC: The Twelve Tables
The modern legal systems are not based directly on the legal system of Rome.
They are European Ius Commune - Roman Law as it was interpreted and reshaped by medieval jurists

22. 350 BC: Code of Li k'vei
The first Chinese imperial code of laws dealt with _____________, robbery, ____________, arrest and general rules

23. 529 AD: Justinian's Code Corpus Juris Civilis
Inspired by logic-based Greek legal principles.
Many legal maxims still in use today
Inspired the modern concept and the very spelling of "justice”

24. 529 AD: Justinian's Code
This Roman Code survived in many parts of Germany until ________
Important traces of it can be found in the law from Africa to ____________
Formed the base of ___________ law

25. 529 AD: Justinian's Code
One of the two main legal systems to govern modern society in the Western civilization, the other being English common law
"The things which are common to all (and not capable of being owned) are: the air, running water, the sea and the seashores."

26. 653: T'ang Code Listed crimes and their punishment in 501 articles
The Code revised earlier existing Chinese codes and standardized procedures.
There were only two ways to perform capital punishment on a convicted criminal: _____________ or hanging.

27. 1100: First Law School
In medieval Italy, students of law would hire a _______________ to teach them Roman Law, especially Justinian's Code
One teacher, known as Irnerius was particularly popular and students began to flock to him from all over Europe.

28. 1100: First Law School
Irnerius taught in Bologna and the surge of students meant that he had to hire other teachers to form the world's ____________ law school.
By 1150, his law school had over 10,000 students and contributed to the revival of the Corpus Juris throughout Europe

29. 1215: Magna Carta Called the "blueprint of English common law”
Conceded a number of legal rights to his barons and to the people
It was the first time a king allowed that even he could be ____________ to observe a law

30. 1215: Magna Carta
Committed to rudimentary judicial guarantees such as the freedom of the ___________, fair taxation, controls over imprisonment (habeas corpus)
Clause #39: "No freeman shall be captured or imprisoned ... except by lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land".

31. 1306: The Trial of Scotsman William Wallace
___________had actually instituted many legal reforms in England, some of which still stand today
The professions of "barrister" and "solicitor" were created
He also supervised the development of civil procedures and extensive laws on property

32. 1306: The Trial of Scotsman William Wallace
But the law meant little when it came to the William Wallace
In spite of Edward's commitment to the law, Wallace was given no legal __________ or privileges. His trial and punishment were typical of law and order in the medieval ages

33. British Common Law
An unwritten system of law based on judicial decisions, usages, and_________________ of the land
Legal precedent is based on common law
Origin of most laws and procedure in our system

34. British Law in the 1500’s
peine forte et dure - when a prisoner refused to answer to a felony charge
The prisoner was laid on the floor naked and his hands and feet were tied up and stretched in opposite directions, towards the four corners of the room. A board was laid on his chest, and weights were laid. More weight was added "till he die or answer." This lasted from 1406 to 1772

35. British Law in the 1500’s
Between the years 1500 and 1550 alone, over ________________ state executions were carried out in England alone.
As late as 1780, the British criminal law contained over 350 offences for which the punishment was death.

36. 1689: The English Bill of Rights
Set out strict limits on the Royal Family's legal prerogatives such as a prohibition against arbitrary suspension of Parliament's laws and limited the right to raise money through taxation to Parliament.
The king agreed to be subject to law and to be guided by Parliament.

37. 1689: The English Bill of Rights
Ended the concept of divine right of ____________________
Designed to control the power of kings and queens and to make them subject to laws passed by Parliament

38. 1740: South Carolina Slave Code
Legislation regulated the use of slaves and became the model for slavery in other states
"All Negroes, Indians...and all their offspring...shall be and are hereby declared to be and remain forever slaves; and shall be deemed ... to be chattels personal in the hands of their owners."

39. 1787: The Constitution of the United States of America
Defined the duties of the executive, legislative and ____________ branches
Declared that it was paramount to any other law, whether _______________or state

40. 1791: The American Bill of Rights
More coming later

41. 1804: Napoleonic Code
Under Napoleon, France adopted a comprehensive code of law
Protected individual liberty, equality before the law and the lay character of the state
Incorporated most parts of Roman law

42. 1804: Napoleonic Code
Became a model for civil law systems such as Quebec, California and Louisiana
The most important aspect of the Code was the fact that the law was ______________(as opposed to judge-made) and in a non-technical style and thus more accessible to the public

43. 1804: Napoleonic Code
Regulated much of private law matters such as property, wills, contracts, liability and obligations. Many of its parts are traceable to Roman law.
Still used in __________________

44. 1945-46: The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial
Special panel of eight judges convened in this German town to try Nazi officers for crimes against peace, crimes against humanity
________________ real international trial

45. 1948: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Implementation of ______________ by almost all countries is causing commercial law interplay between differing legal systems
This with United Nations may result in a world court

46. The Origins of the American Legal System
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