1. 1 A Passive UHF RFID Tag IC CLASS REPRESENTATION: Represented by: Khalil Monfaredi Advanced VLSI Course Seminar

2. 2 Outline Introduction to RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Tag LSI (30%) Current Mode Rectifier (30%) Current Mode Demodulator (20%) FeRAM (10%) Summary (10%)

3. 3 Block diagram of the UHF RFID tag LSI with 2Kb FeRAM. [1]

4. 4 RFID: Ubiquitous Sensing Networks  Thing-to-thing networking will begin  Sensing tags will play an important role The present Person-to-person networking The future Thing-to-thing networking Thermometer Acceleration Infrared Danger Health care Security

5. 5 Requirements  Communication distance  Long distance (10 m)  Incorporation of sensor device  Transmit not only ID but also sensing data  Necessity of battery  Battery life: as long as possible  Low cost

6. 6 Comparison of Tags Active tagSemi- passive tag Passive tag Communication distance GoodFairPoor Incorporation of sensor EasyPossibleDifficult Necessity of Battery Need No need CostHighFairLow  Limited battery life: Solves by wireless power transmission

7. 7 Required conversion efficiency Base station Tag Time=1s Time=3ms Consume energy =0.3  Ws Supply energy =40  Ws Conversion efficiency > 0.75 % CW Standby Downlink Uplink Recharge

8. 8 Issues concerning rectifier  Cannot be rectified below threshold voltage V th.  V th =0V: There is a possibility that off-leak will occur. CMOS rectifier DCcurrent Threshold voltage V th 0 V th Region that cannot be rectified |Z in |=700  V in =0.2V Z in V in V in =0.2V RF in =40  W [2]

9. 9 Proposed rectifier 0 V th V bth  Apply a bias voltage V bth  V th - Generating voltage of V bth in the same IC chip Region that cannot be rectified RF in V bth M2M2 M1M1 (D) (G) (S) V bth -V th  0 V bth DC+ = 0.3V @RF in =0.2V RF in 0.2V [2]

10. 10 Stacked configuration DC+ DC- Stack 6 units  How will 12 V bth voltage sources be realized?  Stack 6 units of rectifiers to obtain over 1.5V DC >1.5V 0.3V Output DC voltage RF in V bth [2]

11. 11 RF in DC+ DC- V bth PLS C b1 C b3 INV 1 INV 2 C b4 C b2 V bth distributor Realization of proposed rectifier 6 units stacked V bth distributor HighLow V bth generator VDD V bth =V th [2]

12. 12 RF in DC+ DC- V bth PLS C b3 INV 1 INV 2 C b4 V bth distributor Realization of proposed rectifier 6 units stacked V bth distributor High Low V bth C b1 C b2 [2]

13. 13 DC+ IN DC - CPCP C P2 M n2 V bth M n1 C P3 Conventional NMOS Half-wave Rectifier V bth : External [2] Parasitic capacitance C P : Large V th drop : External cancellation

14. 14 Ferro cap. M p1 IN CPCP DC+ DC - (Internal V th cancellation) CbCb CbCb M n1 Proposed CMOS Half-wave Rectifier IVC C INF PMOS Parasitic capacitance C P : Small V th drop : Internal cancellation [1]

15. 15 VDD IVC VSS IN+ IN - D1D1 D2D2 Proposed CMOS Full-wave Rectifier Circuit Over-current protection (AC GND) Over current CPCP IVC Good configuration for high efficiency C INF IVC [1]

16. 16 Why Current Mode Demodulator?

17. 17 Far Near Incoming Power P rec Operating region Voltage Detection for Demodulator Device breakdown (4V) I IN Small Large Time V IN Near Far Detection result Modulation index : (15%) V IN, Tag IC I IN P rec Tag input [1]

18. 18 Current Detection for Demodulator I IN Large V IN Incoming Power P rec Time I IN Modulation index : (15%) V IN, Tag IC I IN P rec Device breakdown (4V) Near Far Near Large Operating region Detection result Tag input [1]

19. 19 + V ASK Current comparator Reference Current Generator Subtraction I ASK I PK I SIG I REF Current-mode Demodulator Block Diagram Modulated current I REF = I PK x n I PK I SIG = (I PK – I ASK ) I ASK Current Peak Hold LPF (baseband) [1]

20. 20 [3]

21. 21 [3]

22. 22 [3]

23. 23 [3]

24. 24 FeRAM Stefano Bonetti, Johan Dahlbäck, Hanna Henricsson and Jutta Müntjes 2B1750 Smart Electonic Materials, KTH 26th of October 2005 Adopted from ISSCC 2006 and also

25. 25 FeRAM - Theory Spontaneous polarization: above the Curie-temperature T C is the structure cubic, below a dipole moment occurs (displacement) A different charge ΔQ can be observed whether the material is switching or non-switching: Binary state 1 Negative electric field Negative polarization Binary state 0 Positive electric field Positive polarization Example: PZT (lead zirconate-titanate) [4]

26. 26 WL PL BL’ BL Sense AMP WL PL BL Sense AMP V ref [4]

27. 27 Offset cell [4]

28. 28 [4]

29. 29 FeRAM - Requirements Small size High speed High lifetime ➔ Destructive reading (after every reading operation is a writing operation required) Low coercive field ➔ Low power memory devices Large hysteresis ➔ High remanent polarization

30. 30 EEPROMFeRAM Cell structure Programming principle Charge injectionPolarization change Read Speed25µs Power12.5µW Write Speed3ms25µs Voltage16V3V Power35.0µW15.7µW FeRAM Characteristics BL CG AG SG High speed Low power BL PL WL XBL [1]

31. 31 129tags/s 44tags/s 2.9 times higher EEPROM FeRAM Advantages of the Tag with FeRAM Condition : Read/Write operations 66% reduction Operating time Throughput Read 3.6ms Read 3.6ms Write 19.4ms Write 4.2ms [1]

32. 32 Tag IC Performance Summary

33. 33 Summary Passive UHF Read/Write Tag IC with FeRAM 4.3m Read/Write communication distance CMOS only rectifier which has 36.6% efficiency, 2.1 times higher than the conventional Low-voltage current-mode demodulator which has 27dB dynamic range for the incoming power Fabricated in 0.35-µm CMOS/FeRAM technology Tag throughput with FeRAM 2.9 times higher than tags with EEPROM for both read and write operations

34. 34 References: [1] H. Nakamoto et al., “A Passive UHF RFID Tag LSI with 36.6% Efficiency CMOS-Only Rectifier and Current-Mode Demodulator in 0.35μm FeRAM Technology,” ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, session 17, 2006. [2] T. Umeda et al., “A 950MHz Rectifier Circuit for Sensor Networks with 10m-Distance,” ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 256-257, Feb., 2005. [3] A. Djemouai And M. Sawan., “New Cmos Current-mode Amplitude Shift Keying Demodulator (Askd) Dedicated For Implantable Electronic Devices,” IEEE (ISCAS), pp. 441-444, 2004. [4] S. Bonetti et al., “FeRAM, MRAM, RRAM,” [online resource] Oct., 2005.