1. Ch. 12 Notes “Manifest Destiny”
Trails Heading West
The Texas Revolution
War with Mexico
California

2. I. Three Trails Heading West
The Oregon Trail
-Independence, Missouri to The Oregon Territory
-2000 miles of trail
-First People were fur traders – very few
-Second people were missionaries
-Tried to convert Native Americans to Christians

3. Oregon Trail Cont.
-After that-Settlers began moving looking for a better life
,000 pioneers made the trip
,000 pioneers made the trip
-Very Dangerous trip
-Disease-cholera
-Many people died – an estimated 10 deaths per mile.

4. B. The Mormon Trail Nauvoo, Illinois to The Great Salt Lake
Mormon religion – new ideas- started by Joseph Smith in his Book of Mormon
Many people disagreed with Smith’s new ideas – Mormons were not accepted.
(Example: Polygamy- having more than one wife and the Indians were the lost tribe of Israel)

5. The Mormon Trail Cont.
So Mormons set out for a new place where they could practice their religion – started the Mormon Trail
Joseph Smith was killed – Brigham Young becomes the new leader.
Thousands would follow Young to the Great Salt Lake

6. C. The Santa Fe Trail Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe
900 mile trail
Santa Fe was owned by Mexico
The trail was created to start trade (not settle) with the U.S. and Mexico.
Americans became very rich – more Americans took interest in this land
By 1846 – Americans dominated New Mexico and took the land over for the U.S.
Mexico did little to stop them

7. Texas Poster!!! Political/Physical Map State Flag
Ethnic Groups at time of Revolution
Revolution-Key Figures, Battles
Interesting Facts

9. Independence for Texas
A Clash of Cultures -Because of the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. thought Texas was part of the U.S. -But in the Adams-Onis Treaty, the US agreed to drop the claim.

10. Land Grants Tejanos-Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home.
Native American Groups living in Texas
Comanches Apaches 3. Kiowas
Moses Austin was the first American to receive a land grant from Spain and he died before he could set up his colony.

11. Land Grants Cont.
Much like the U.S., Mexico had to win independence, but from Spain.
Moses Austin’s son Stephen F. Austin then received permission to organize a colony. He brought 300 families into Texas.

12. Land Grants Cont. Four requirements to move to Texas 1. Learn Spanish
2. Become Mexican citizens
3. Convert to Catholicism
4. Obey Laws of Mexico

13. Growing Tension In 1830 – Americans had outnumbered Mexicans
Also they were not following Mexican ways
Twice America offered to buy Texas from Mexico
In 1830 Mexico issued a Decree-An Official order that stopped all immigration from the U.S.
This angered the Texans; they also feared that Mexico may try to end slavery.

14. Attempt at Reconciliation
Some Americans called for independence
1833- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico.
Austin was arrested after his letter requesting independence was intercepted by the Mexican government.
There was no chance to settle this peacefully war was unavoidable.

15. The Texas Revolution The Struggle for Independence
-The first fight of the Texas Revolution was in the town of Gonzales.
-Texans freed San Antonio from the Mexican Army early in the conflict.

16. The Battle of the Alamo Santa Ana was in charge of the Mexican Army.
The Alamo was a mission outside of San Antonio where Texan rebels stationed themselves.
180 Texans were inside the Alamo.
Several Thousand Mexican troops attacked the Alamo.

17. The Alamo Continued Name three famous defenders of the Alamo
1. Davy Crockett
2. Jim Bowie
3. William B. Travis – In Charge
The Battle lasted 12 days
All of the defenders were killed
The only survivors were some women, children and servants.
“Remember the Alamo” became the battle cry of the revolution.

18. Texas Declares its Independence
March 2, 1836 was the official date Texas declared independence from Mexico
Sam Houston was named the leader of the army for the newly created Republic of Texas.
The Texan Army was defeated at Fort Goliad
All 200 men were executed at the fort.

19. The Battle of San Jacinto
San Jacinto is located near present day Houston.
Houston and 900 men attacked the Mexican army in San Jacinto on April 21.
In the surprise attack Santa Ana was captured.
Houston forced Santa Ana to sign a treaty giving Texas their Independence.

20. The Lone Star Republic and the Road to Statehood
Sam Houston became the first President of Texas. Mirabeau Lamar was his vice president.
Annex-Take control of
Andrew Jackson refused to annex Texas because they were a slave state and it would upset the balance of slave vs free states in Congress.
Finally in 1845, James K. Polk annexed Texas as a slave state
One step closer to Manifest Destiny

21. War with Mexico
President Polk saw New Mexico and California as part of the U.S., Mexico didn’t.
The big issue was the border between Texas and Mexico
U.S. thought the Rio Grande River was the border
Mexico thought the Nueces River was the border.

23. Conflict Begins
The U.S. offered $30 million for California, New Mexico, and the Rio Grande border.
Mexico did Not accept this offer.
Future President Zachary Taylor was sent to protect the disputed border.

24. Polk’s War Plan Three part plan Control the Border (Rio Grande)
Control New Mexico and California
Take Mexico City
*Stephen Kearny quickly takes New Mexico for the U.S.

26. The Bear Flag Republic
California became known as the Bear Flag Republic
Californios were Mexicans living in California.
1846 revolt in Sonoma was followed by Naval attacks by John C. Fremont and John Sloat capturing the majority of the Cal coast. General Kearny defeated a revolt by Californios in San Diego (Last battle in California)
By 1847 California was controlled by the U.S.

27. The Capture of Mexico City
General Winfield Scott was in charge of capturing Mexico City.
Mexico City is the Capital city of Mexico.
Landed in Veracruz in Mar and captured Mexico City in September.

28. The United States Expands
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo brought an end to the Mexican War.
Three Results
Texas officially part of the U.S.
Rio Grande is the border
$15 million for the Mexican Cession (New Mexico and California)
-The Gadsden Purchase in 1853 for $10 million completed the Continental United States.

31. California American Diary
-John Sutter in 1848 was the 1st to discover gold in California.
After the discovery of gold the population went from 15,000 to 100,000
Prospector-Person who searches for minerals (gold)

32. California Gold Rush
People who arrived in California in 1849 were called 49ers
They came from the following places:
1. America 2. South America 3. Australia
4. Europe Mexico 6. China
Californios
-Land Law of 1851 stated that Californios had to prove their land was theirs if others claimed it for themselves.

33. Life in California Boomtowns-Towns that sprang up quickly
San Francisco really flourished during the Gold Rush
Most 49ers were NOT experienced miners.
Most found very little gold and if they did, many spent their money on gambling.
Merchants though made lots of money like Levi Strauss who sold denim pants.

34. Gold Rush Society
Male- lonely and spent time drinking, gambling, and fighting. Vigilantes-citizen police force acted as law enforcers.
Female-Very few women and most would be married. Some worked in saloons and other entertainment venues. Many worked the gold mining fields right along side the men.

35. Economic and Political Progress
California applied for statehood in They wanted to be a free state but again this made the U.S. Congress fight over adding another State. This time Southern Congressmen were mad.