1. Residence time: An overlooked constraint on community assembly and structure Ken Locey Jay Lennon

2. Shifting Dimensions: Temporal Ecology for the Next 100 Years and Beyond From the ESA website: A field of temporal ecology has yet to emerge. …divergent vocabularies producing different terms for similar concepts… …a compelling need to develop temporal ecology. …unique aspects of time that can underpin the framework for temporal ecology.

3. Spatial Ecology is highly-developed compared to Temporal Ecology SpatialTemporal Pattern: Species-area Distance-Decay Species-time Process: Dispersal Growth, Foraging Theory: Biogeography Metacommunity Life History Optimal foraging Dimensions: 3 1 Constraint: Distance, Area, Volume Time… Ecological unit: Geographic range ? (sub)Discipline: Biogeography, Spatial Ecology, landscape ecology Temporal Ecology (lacking foundations)

4. Accumulation of species Species-time relationshipSpecies-are relationship White et al. (2010). Understanding species richness patterns is a fundamental problem in ecology. The major focus as been on spatial gradients, with a smaller emphasis on temporal dynamics.

5. Dispersal Almost always referred to as dispersal across space Often modeled as instantaneous individual movement Dispersal “limitation” and “barriers” are usually spatial

6. Species geographic range Species-time relationshipSpecies-are relationship White et al. (2010). Understanding species richness patterns is a fundamental problem in ecology. The major focus as been on spatial gradients, with a smaller emphasis on temporal dynamics.

7. Physical ecosystem constraints Volume Area Time Flow

8. Chemostat Theory: Predicting resource and time limited growth

9. Average time a particle spends in the system Residence time (  ) Dilution rate (   ) portion of the system replaced per unit time

10. Residence time (  ): primary physical constraint in chemostat theory

11. Residence time (  ) An important constraint in bioreactors

12. Residence time (  ) Important in many systems under volumetric flow http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/images/targeted- areas-neps-sm.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 4/44/Hemimysis_anomala_GLERL_2.jpg

13. Residence time (  ) *Primary predictions  = mean cell residence time   = specific growth rate *Fine print: For a system at equilibrium. Includes assumptions that are simplifying for anything but ideal chemostats.

14. Questions How should the predictions fail as the assumptions are violated? In absence of failure, what else can we predict from   and   ?

15. HydroBIDE Chemostat Theory + Individual-based Modeling

20. Tighten the bolts: Models act like ideal chemostats Includes: maintenance cost and species differences Mean cell residence time Residence time (V/F)

21. Loosening the bolts: Immigration dampens growth rate? Includes: maintenance cost and species differences & immigration Residence time (V/F)

22. How should  influence abundance and diversity? Residence time (V/F)

23. How should  influence abundance and diversity? Including and excluding immigration produce the same general result

24. Residence time (  in general theory A fun paradox  matters in ecosystems  is primary to chemostat theory Chemostat theory modified for many specific systems But, basic chemostat theory not seen as a simplifying theory for biodiversity Yet, many general theories are oversimplified