1. Lecture 5b Aldol Condensation

2. Introduction The acidity of organic compounds is often determined by neighboring groups because they can help stabilizing the resulting anion (i.e., halogen, nitro, etc.) because of their electronegative character or due to resonance (i.e., enolate in carbonyl compounds) For instance, the presence of a carbonyl group greatly increases the acidity of neighboring hydrogen atoms (  -protons) because of the resonance stabilization in the resulting enolate ion (the numbers in parentheses below are from acetone, AM1) Many of the carbonyl compounds can be deprotonated with moderately strong bases i.e., hydroxide, alcoholates, etc. Functional grouppK a Alkane~50 Ester~25 Aldehyde/ketone~18-20 Alcohol~15-19 Nitro~8-10 127.8 pm (123.5 pm) 137.4 pm (149.5 pm)

3. Aldol Condensation Ketones and aldehydes can be reacted with each other in Aldol or Claisen-Schmidt condensation Aldol

4. Theory for the Experiment I In Chem 14CL, acetone is reacted with two equivalents of benzaldehyde using sodium hydroxide as catalyst The first step is the formation of the first enolate ion Note that water is one of the products in the enolate formation  the amount of water has to be minimized in order to optimize the amount of enolate in the reaction mixture

5. Theory for the experiment II The enolate ion acts as the nucleophile, which attacks the carbonyl group of the benzaldehyde to form the new C-C bond The trans, trans-isomer is primarily formed and isolated in the reaction

6. Running the Reaction Acetone is reacted with two equivalents of benzaldehyde in a small Erlenmeyer flask An aqueous ethanolic solution of sodium hydroxide is added slowly (drop wise) while stirring The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes The crude product precipitates as a yellow solid from the solution during the reaction

7. Isolation of the Product The solid is isolated by vacuum filtration The filter flask has to be clamped The neoprene adapter (rubber adapter) has to be placed between the porcelain/plastic funnel and the filter flask to have a better seal (Note: often times the adapter is taped to the funnel already) A filter paper is placed on the plate of the funnel so that all holes of the porous filter plate are covered The stir bar is removed from the reaction mixture and rinsed with water After the suction is turned on, the filter paper is wetted with water to ensure that the filter paper adheres to the plate and is properly seated as well The mixture is swirled and the suspension is carefully poured into the funnel The solids that are stuck to the walls is scraped off and suspended in a small amount of water to transfer it to the funnel as well The filter cake is rinsed with small portions of water until the filtrate is neutral (test with pH-paper)

8. Purification of the Product The crude contains benzaldehyde, benzalacetone (mono-addition product), dibenzalacetone, mesityl oxide (self-condensation product of acetone), etc. The crude product is purified by recrystallization The literature suggest ethyl acetate or ethanol as solvent for the recrystallization In Chem 14CL, 95 % ethanol is used for this purpose because dibenzalacetone is the least polar compound in the mixture and therefore displays the lowest solubility in 95 % ethanol Slow crystallization yields nicer crystals and a purer product Procedure The crude is dissolved in a MINIMUM amount of the boiling solvent Place the solid and a stir bar in a small Erlenmeyer flask Add a small amount of solvent to the solid While stirring, heat the mixture up to a gentle boil to dissolve the solid If the solid does not dissolve completely, add a little more solvent and boil again Any solids that do not dissolve in the hot solution are removed by filtration The hot, saturated solution is allowed to cool down to room temperature slowly The solution is then placed in an ice-bath for 15 minutes to reduce the solubility of the compound in the solution The product is isolated by vacuum filtration and rinsed with a small amount of water Air is sucked through the solid for 15 minutes to pre-dry the solid Transfer the product to a vial and leave it open during the week to dry the product

9. Characterization of the Product The melting point (m.p.) of a pure substance is defined as the temperature at which both the solid and liquid phases of that substance has the SAME vapor pressure i.e., both phases are in equilibrium Melting points are used: to identify compounds (by comparison with literature values and mixed melting points) to establish purity the purer the sample the higher the melting point usually is a narrow melting point range indicates a high degree of purity impure samples display a melting point depression and a broad melting point range while a pure substance usually possesses a very sharp melting point (  T=0.5-1 o C) Exception: Eutectic mixtures possess a sharp melting point as well Note that a compound can have more than one melting point due to polymorphism (i.e., acetaminophen)

10. Color Acetone and benzaldehyde are colorless liquids while the product of the reaction is bright yellow. Why? Acetone only possesses an isolated carbonyl group In benzaldehyde, the carbonyl group is conjugated to a benzene ring In the product, the carbonyl group is connected to two alkene functions that are attached to benzene rings The conjugation decreases the HOMO-LUMO gap resulting in a bathochromic shift for the transition (HOMO-LUMO gap calculations with DFT, EDF2, 6-31**) The compound formed in this experiment is used as component in sunscreens because it provides a decent protection in the UVA range (315-400 nm) Compound (nm)  (M -1 *cm -1 ) HOMO-LUMO GAP (eV) CH 3 COCH 3 188 9006.01 PhCHO244141004.90 trans-PhCH=CHCOCH 3 286323604.27 trans, trans-PhCH=CHCOCH=CHPh330343003.84 cis, trans-PhCH=CHCOCH=CHPh29520000 cis, cis-PhCH=CHCOCH=CHPh28711000