1. Antibiotics – Part 1: Chapter 38

2. What is an antibiotic? A medication that kills bacteria or slows
their growth
Are classified based on their based on their
chemical structure
Some common classes are sulfonamides,
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,
monobactams, macrolides & tetracyclines
Act against types & species of different
microorganisms that are infectious

3. Bacterial Infection?
Microorganisms invade & multiply within a person and these signs & symptoms are commonly seen:
Fever
Chills & Sweats
Redness
Pain
Swelling
Fatigue
Weight loss
Increased WBC’s
Pus

4. How do I know which antibiotic to take?
When a patient presents these signs and symptoms, they should seek medical attention
To begin the treatment of a bacterial infection, a broad spectrum antibiotic may be given
A culture which will identify the specific microorganism as either gram-positive or gram-negative should be ordered
Based on the results, an appropriate antibiotic may be prescribed to treat the unique microorganism that caused the infection

5. Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
Drug Name
Indications
Bacteria
Side Effects
Miscellaneous
Sulfadiazine,
Sulfamethoxazole,
Spetra, Bactrim,
Pediazole
Urinary tract infection,
nocaridosis (AIDS), pneumonia (PCP), Upper resp. tract infections

6. Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
Drug Name
Indications
Bacteria
Side Effects
Miscellaneous
Sulfadiazine,
Sulfamethoxazole,
Spetra, Bactrim,
Pediazole
Urinary tract infection,
nocaridosis (AIDS), pneumonia (PCP), Upper resp. tract infections
Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus, Pneumoncystis carinii
Photosensitivity, rash, convulsions, headache, hemolytic anemia & aplastic anemia.
Avoid sunlight, NO TANNING!

7. Penicillins Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous
Ampicillin,
Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Timentin, Zozysn
Presence of gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus species, Enterococcus, Streptococcus
Alergic reactions with hives, pruritus, welts, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Many interactions with other drugs such as: NSAIDS, oral contraceptives, Warfin

8. Cephalosporins Drug Name Indications Gram +/- Side Effects
Miscellaneous
4 Generations
Examples from each:
I. Keflex
II. Ceftin
III. Rocephin
IV. Maxipime
I. Surgical prophylaxis, upper resp. infections, ear infections
II. Abdominal/ colorectal prophylaxis surgeries
III. Bacteria meningitis
IV. Complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin infections
I. Positive
II. Positive
III. Negative
IV. Positive
(General)
Mild diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, rash, pruritis, redness, edema
Cross sensitivity with penicillins if allergy exists.

9. Carbapenems Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous
Primaxin
Complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections, also used in treatment in bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections
Broad spectrum antibacterial action
May cause drug induced seizure activity
Treats a hard to treat infection

10. Monobactams Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects Miscellaneous
Azactam
Moderately severe systemic infections and urinary tract infections
E. coli, Klebsilla species, Pseudomonas species
GI complections
In elderly women, restores estrogen against E. coli.

11. Macrolides (“mycins”)
Drug Name
Indications
Bacteria
Side Effects
Miscellaneous
E-mecin, E.E.S., Zithromax
Strep infections, upper resp. infections, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Gonorrhea
Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae,
Clamydia, Mycoplasma
Anorexia, vomiting, nausea, diahrrea, jaundice, flatulence, hepatoxicity
Prevents protein synthesis within bacterial cells

12. Tetracyclines Drug Name Indications Bacteria Side Effects
Miscellaneous
Doryx, Vibramycin, Demeclocycline
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and plural and pericardial effusions.
Lyme disease
Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlaymdia, Strepomyces
Tooth discoloration in pregnant women and children under 8 as well as in utero and nursing infants.
Alteration in intestinal flora, causing GI upset
Should not be taken with dairy products b/c the drug binds to calcium from the dairy, making the drug ineffective

13. Questions? Ask Mrs. Petges.  Thank you!