Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science.

Name: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science.
Uploaded: 2017-08-10T02:19:15+00:00
Duration: PTM46S41
Channel: Vivian Scott
Description: Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science.

Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science

Scientific Method

Observations Qualitative Quantitative

Qualitative Observations
Adjective which describes a quality Color (Red, blue) Texture (Smooth, rough) Shape (Round, square) Speed (Fast, slow) Size (Large, small) Distance (Near, far) Temperature (Hot, cold)

Quantitative Observations
Numerical measurements which describe: Color (700 nM) Texture (50 grit sandpaper) Shape (25 cm diameter circle) Speed ( 75 m.p.h.) Size (150 m) Distance (130 miles) Temperature (37.5 C)

Characteristics of Living Things
All Living things Made up of cells Reproduce Contain D.N.A. Grow & Develop Obtain & use materials and energy Respond to their environment Maintain homeostasis

Levels of organization
Molecular – Atoms & molecules Cellular – Smallest functional unit of life Tissue – Group of cells working together to perform the same fxn Organ – Group of tissues working togeter to perform the same fxn Organ system – Group of organs working together to perform the same fxn Organism – Group of organ systems maintaining homeostasis Population – Group (of a single species) living in the same area Community – Populations living together Ecosystem – Community including abiotic factors Biosphere – Contains all ecosystems

Safety and Rules of the Lab

Safety Symbols Know safety symbols
They appear in your laboratory activities They will alert you to possible dangers They will remind you to work carefully

Use Your Head Exercise Caution and Good Judgment
Follow all instructions given by the teacher Notify the teacher immediately regarding any accident or unsafe areas

Use Your Head Read lab instructions ahead of time
Always follow lab procedures exactly Never do an unauthorized experiment

Protect Yourself Eye Safety
Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices or if possibility of flying debris If you wear contact lenses let your teacher know

Protect Yourself Eye Safety
In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station Flush in water for 15 mins. and notify the teacher

Protect Yourself Proper Attire
Keep all long hair tied back Do not wear loose clothing that could catch on fire Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required

Protect Yourself Hand Safety
If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes Wash hands after every lab Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully

Protect Yourself Hand Safety

• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
Sharp Objects Always cut away from fingers and body Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away Never try to catch falling sharp instruments Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles

Sharp Objects Notify teacher if you get cut
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points • When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points Sharp Objects Notify teacher if you get cut Broken glass and sharp objects do not go in trash cans Teacher will clean up broken glass

Electrical Safety Only electrical plugs are to be placed into an electrical outlet Unplug electrical equipment after use Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water

Physical Safety Handle all equipment carefully
Do not place a cord where someone can trip over it Push all stools in out of the way Keep books picked up out of walking isles

Heating Safety Tie back hair and loose clothes when working with open flames Never look into a container as you are heating it Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others Never heat in a closed container

Heating Safety Never leave a heat source unattended
Heated metal and glass looks cool, use tongs or gloves before handling Do not place hot glassware directly on lab desk or in cold water

Chemical Safety Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container Only use the type and amount of chemical instructed to use Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so

Chemical Safety Transfer chemicals carefully!
Keep lids on chemical containers when not in use When diluting an acid, pour the acid into water Consider all chemicals dangerous

Animal Safety Only handle living organisms with teacher permission
Always treat living organisms humanely Wash your hands after handling animals

Treatment of Specimen Respect the life of all laboratory specimen
They gave their life for your education

Plant Safety Do not eat any plants in lab
Wash your hands after handling plants Tell your teacher of any plant allergies Like any organism, plants should be considered possibly harmful

You Should Never… Enter store room unless given permission
Take any chemicals from lab or store room Touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until instructed to do so

You Should Never… Eat or drink in the lab
Use lab glass-ware to eat or drink out of

You Should Never… Engage in…. practical jokes horse play rough house

In case of an emergency…
Know the locations of: fire extinguisher fire blanket body shower eyewash station first aid kit If you spill a harmful chemical on yourself or in your eyes, start rinsing immediately and send your partner to get teacher’s help

Remember to… Stay at your work station Maintain a clean work area
Read and follow all directions Report any spills, accidents, or injury to the teacher immediately Clean and put away all equipment at the end of the lab period Dispose of waste products according to instruction

http://www. blinn. edu/brazos/natscience/lab/man. gif http://images
So Do It Right!

Example Graphs

Practice Graphs Recall that a bar graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting. We are going to use the clothing of students in this classroom to demonstrate how to make a data table and bar graph. We will look at the shirt color of boys and girls in the room.

Practice Graphs Step 1: Gather Data
An easy way to organize our data is to create a table. Let’s use this table to fill in our data. Color # of Boys # of Girls Red Black Grey Blue White Multi Other

Practice Graphs Step 2: Create the Graph
Independent variable (x-axis): ________ Dependent variable (y-axis): __________ Choose two different colors to use (one to represent boys, one to represent girls).

Key Features of Bar Graphs
Title Axis are labeled with units Legend Check your graph to make sure you have these three features

Line Graphs Recall that line graphs are useful for showing trends.
Problem: In an experiment, you check the air temperature at certain hours of the day. At 8 A.M., the temperature is 27 ○C; at 10 A.M., the temperature is 30 ○C; at noon, the temperature is 32 ○C; at 2 P.M., the temperature is 31○C; and at 4 P.M., the temperature is 30 ○C. Graph the results of your experiment.

Compound Microscope Parts & Fxn’s
Occular – viewing eyepiece Coarse adjustment – Rough focus Fine adjustment – Fine focus High power objective (400X) Low objective (100X) Scanning objective (40X) Stage – holds slide up against stage clips Stage clips – holds slide down on stage Diaphragm – controls amount of light entering slide Lamp – light source

Power of magnification
The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope. The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens.

Inversion The reversal of the specimen image by the microscope lenses. A specimen that appears upside down when being viewed is actually right-side up on the slide. Moving the specimen to the right causes its image to move to the left likewise, moving it down causes it to move upward.

Working distance The distance between the front of the objective and the top of the cover glass on the slide. The higher the magnification the smaller the working distance. DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT UNDER HIGH POWER!!!

Resolution (Resolving Power)
The least distance between two points or lines at which they are seen as two, rather than a single blur. The greater the numerical aperture the greater the resolution.

Depth of focus The thickness of a specimen which may be seen in focus at one time. The greater the power of magnification the lesser the depth of focus.

Field of vision The surface area which can be seen when looking through the light microscope. The area decreases with increasing power of magnification.

Objectives Our microscopes have three objectives mounted on a revolving device known as a nosepiece. Engraved on the objective is its power of magnification. The longer the objective the more power of magnification.

Diaphragm A device under the stage of a microscope that can regulate the amount of light reaching a specimen. The more power of magnification the more the diaphragm is opened.

Power of Magnification
Definition - The relative enlargement of the specimen when seen through the microscope. Calculation - The power of magnification can be calculated by multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by the power of the objective lens. Power of magnification = (Power of the eyepiece lens) X (Power of the objective lens)

Parfocal Once the specimen is focused on low power, you never have to use the course adjustment knob to focus on the next higher power.

Oil Immersion Lens For maximum magnification such as looking at bacteria or white blood cells. It can not be used without a drop of special oil placed between the slide and the objective.

Rules for Handling the Microscope
Always carry the microscope with one hand under the base and the other grasping the arm. Keep both eyes open when looking through the eyepiece. Keep the stage clean and dry. Do not remove parts of the microscope. Use only lens paper when cleaning lenses. Always begin focusing with the lowest power objective. Always look from the side when changes lenses After completing your work, place the microscope on the lowest power objective. Always return the microscope where you found it & as you found it

Preparing a wet-mount slide
This is an air bubble under the microscope!!!

Tools Used in LAB

Different Scientific Tools for the Study of Biology
a. test tube b. Cork and Rubber stopper c. test tube holder

d. Test tube rack holds test tube

e. Beaker Holds and measures liquid

f. Graduated cylinders accurately measure out volumes of liquids

g. Erlenmeyer flasks allows the contents to be swirled or stirred during an experiment

h. Funnel transfers liquid from one container to another

Stirring rod stir liquids in flasks or beakers

j. Meter stick Measures length

k. Triple beam balance measures mass

l. Thermometer measures temperature

m. Alcohol lamp source of heat

n. Tripod a stand or support with three legs

o. Wire gauze support a container during heating

p. Magnifying glass magnifies small objects

q. Microscope makes an enlarged image of a very small object

r. Glass slide Provides a mounting surface for examination by microscope

s. Cover slip covers materials on a glass slide

t. Petri dish shallow dish for bacterial culture

v. Dissecting Kit

Dissecting Kit 1. Scalpel cuts and dissects specimen

Dissecting Kit 2. Forceps grasp small objects

Dissecting Kit 3. Probe pointed object used to examine specimen

Dissecting Kit 4. dissecting scissors cut specimen to be studied

Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science.

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Competency 1: Inquiry Biology as a science.

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