1. AP Human Geography

2.  Where are the major population clusters?  Why do people live and not live in certain areas?  What are the different types of population densities?  What are CBR, CDR, NIR, TFR, IMR, life expectancy, doubling time?

3.  In this class, we will discuss a variety of different models.  Models are examples that help us better understand a major concept or idea.  Models are NOT exact and are flexible.  Models are NOT perfect.  Models might look different in reality than the do in theory.

4. THE MODELTHE REALITY

5.  DTM examines the change in the population within a country over time.  DTM is broken down into 4 stages.  Rates of growth/ decline vary from country to country.  DTM is primarily affected by CBR and CDR.  All countries are in some stage of the DTM.

8.  WHAT?  Low population growth rate (NIR)  High birth rates  High death rates  WHY?  Epidemics and plagues keep death rates high  Food sources are uncertain (hunting and gathering, basic farming)  Humans have spent most of history in Stage 1 (400,000 B.C. to 8000 B.C.)  No countries are currently in Stage 1

10.  WHAT?  Death rates decline rapidly  Birth rates remain the same  This leads to rapid population growth  WHY?  Increase in wealth leads to better sanitation, technology (farming), better overall health…people live longer!  People are still accounting for high death rates and making lots o’ babies!  First countries entered Stage 2 during the Industrial Revolution (late 1700’s, early 1800’s)  Europe/ N. America enter Stage 2 1800’s but does not reach Africa, Asia, Latin America until the 1950’s (Medical Rev.)  Currently, most of sub- Saharan Africa is Stage 2.

12.  WHAT?  CBR drops rapidly, gets closer to CDR  Population still grows, but much less rapidly  TFR above 2.1  WHY?  People decide not to have as many children (realize more are survivng, lower IMR, children are liabilities, not assets)  European/ N. American countries moved from Stage 2 to 3 in the 1950’s  Some Asian/ Latin American countries moved from Stage 2 to 3 recently. (1980’s/ 1990’s)

14.  WHAT?  Death Rate and Birth Rate are very close/  NIR close to 0 (zero population growth)  TFR around 2.1  WHY?  Women enter labor force  Birth control  Increased income/ leisure time  Most European/ NA countries have reached Stage 4.

16.  WHAT?  Higher death rates than birth rates, irreversible population decline.  Not good! Need to rely on immigration to sustain population.  TFR below 2.1  Russia, Japan, Italy