1. Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

2. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
Metropolitan Club – Business, Political leaders who met to discuss and plan for America’s future as a world power

3. 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914

4. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

5. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

6. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

7. 5. Closing the American Frontier

8. The Imperialist Taylor

9. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

10. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

11. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

12. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

13. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty – Agreement that Hawaiian goods could be sold in the U.S. in exchange for what is now Pearl Harbor (Led to a lot of American investment in Hawaii)
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – Hawaiian Rebellion -American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole Proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

14. Origins
of the
Spanish American War

15. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

16. Cuba

17. Cuba

18. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

19. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

20. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

21. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

22. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

23. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

24. The “Rough Riders”

25. Cuban Independence? Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

26. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

27. The
Philippines

28. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

29. Dewey Captures Manila!

30. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

31. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

32. Is He To Be a Despot?

33. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

34. Japan

35. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

36. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

37. Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.
1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.

38. Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.
Non-European powers, like Japan, would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere.

39. China

40. The Open Door Policy

41. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

42. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

43. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

44. America as a Pacific Power

45. America's
New
Role

46. Constable of the World

47. The Great White Fleet: 1907

48. Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

49. The Cares of a Growing Family

50. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

51. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

52. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

53. What the U. S. Has Fought For

54. Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”

55. America
Becomes
a Colonial
Power

56. Puerto
Rico

57. Puerto Rico: 1898

58. DILEMMA--Did
U. S. citizenship
follow the flag??

59. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act.
Officially the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico,
 the Insular Cases. The Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.
1917 – Jones Act.
Was a 1917 Act of the United States Congress by which Puerto Ricans were collectively made U.S. citizens,

60. Panama

61. Panama: The King’s Crown

62. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

63. Panama – The Building of a Canal
1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
John M. Clayton,(President Taylor’s Sec. Of State) met with a British representative, Sir Henry Bulwer, to calm a potentially troublesome issue in Central America. Both powers had studied the feasibility of constructing a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow isthmus in Central America.
Initially the most promising site appeared to be in Nicaragua. Neither party was prepared in 1850 to undertake the massive project, but wanted to ensure that one country would not act in the absence of the other.
Under the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the two parties agreed:
Not to seek exclusive control of the canal or territory on either side of such a canal
Not to fortify any position in the canal area
Not to establish colonies in Central America

64. Panama 1901  Hay (U.S.)-Paunceforte (G.B.) Treaty.
During the course of Spanish-American War it was highlighted that there was a need for rapid access between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
The following points were approved by both nations:
The U.S. was authorized to construct and manage a Central American canal
The U.S. was to guarantee the neutrality of the canal and was authorized to fortify the area, if necessary
The canal was to be open to all nations; rates were to be fair and equal.

65. Panama – The Building of a Canal
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Strategy for building the Canal
Panama was a province of the Colombia
Roosevelt offered to purchase the land needed to build the Canal but the Colombian Senate rejected this offer
Roosevelt then worked with a group of native Panamanians and foreign investors who were associated with the canal project and plotted a revolt against the Colombian government.
When the Rebellion broke out the Roosevelt sent U.S. warships towards Panama
Just as the USS Nashville arrived in the harbor of Colon Panama declared itself independent
The U.S. immediately recognized the new republic

66. Panama 1903  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty.
Agreement between Hay,and Philippe Bunau-Varilla, (the former engineer for the French canal company) & Panamanian envoy to the United States, Terms included
The United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to extend five miles on either side of the route
Panama was to receive a payment of $10 million
Panama was to receive annual rental payments of $250,000.

67. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

68. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

69. Mexico

70. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero

71. Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

72. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

73. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

74. Alaska

75. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

76. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

77. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898