1. The basic structural and functional unit of life.
Cells
The basic structural and functional unit of life.

2. Celley’s Trip To Cell City
Celley just arrived in Cell City via train from New Jersey in order to meet her friend Phyll. The train depot was located right outside the Cell City border and she would have to figure out how she would be traveling the rest of the way. She noticed that the city was surrounded by a huge concrete wall. Celley thought this was weird because the city she is from doesn’t have any protective barrier surrounding it. There was an opening in the wall which Celley walked through. She did not know what to expect, since Cell City was an area that she was not too familiar with.
Once Celley walked through the opening in the city’s protective wall, she came across another barrier. This time it was a large chain-Link fence with a gate. Celley was familiar with this large chain-link fence because her city also had one. Since she was not the only person traveling into Cell City, she carefully observed another person try to gain entry. The person placed his hand onto an identification key pad and the screen said, “NO ADMITTANCE!” Once the man angrily walked away, Celley walked up to the identification pad, and placed her hand on it. To Celley’s surprise, the screen said, “ADMITTANCE GRANTED.” As Celley walked through the gate, she was suddenly surrounded by a broth-like liquid that engulfed the whole city. It took her a minute to adjust to this environment, however, she did so without too much difficulty, because she was an avid swimmer.

3. Celley’s Trip To Cell City
Celley realized that she had no way of knowing how to navigate such a large and busy place. She decided the best thing to do would be to go to Town Hall since that was like the control center of the whole city, where everything is managed and processed. She saw a sign that directed her to town hall. The arrow pointed to the entrance of what appeared to be a highway/thruway. Celley realized that she would have to catch a cab in order to get to Town Hall since the highway looked extremely long and windy. Once getting the attention of a cab driver, she got into the car and paid close attention to her surroundings. Throughout her travels on the highway she noticed many small circular structures. These structures were protein factories. There were many of these protein factories on this particular stretch of highway, since Cell City was a growing place that was constantly building and repairing its structures. However, Celley noticed that there were also long stretches of the highway that did not contain these protein factories. She preferred these sections since they did not seem as congested. Celley questioned the cab driver about the city’s disposal management vehicles. She wondered why she didn’t see any since they were so prevalent in her city. The driver said that he never heard of them and then questioned Celley as to their purpose. She told the driver that in her city, they are circular vehicles that usually travel quickly around the city as they need to load up and dispose of (or transfer) materials that can be harmful.

4. Celley’s Trip To Cell City
Once reaching the control center, Celley planned on asking for directions to the food processing factories where her friend Phyll worked as a food engineer. Similar to the entrance to Cell City, Celley came across a chain-link fence, but this one was a lot smaller since it only surrounded Town Hall. As she did before, she went to the gate and placed her hand on the identification pad. Once again, to her surprise, the screen said, “ADMITTANCE GRANTED.” Once entering the facility, a kind man at a desk smiled at Celley and asked her if he could help her. Celley asked for directions to the food processing factory. The man said, “There are a few food processing factories in Cell City, which are you looking for?” Celley recalled Phyll saying he worked near a power plant. When she passed this info on to the man, he said, “Oh, that one. You must first get a cab and go East on city highway 210, until you get to the end. At that point you will reach the reservoir and you must travel to the rest of Cell City by foot. Keeping the reservoir to your left, you should follow the path all the way around. After a few minutes, you will pass the South-Side Food Processing Plant on your right. Be careful not to take a right after the food processing plant because you will get very lost and that is not the type of place to get lost in. There are support beams that help hold the city together there and it is highly guarded. You will know that you are on the right track if you then see the South Side Packaging Plant soon after. Just remember to keep the reservoir to your left.

5. Celley’s Trip To Cell City
Currently, it is extremely visible because it is full of water so it should not be too difficult to reference. Good thing you weren’t here a few weeks ago when the level was extremely low. Celley commented how most of the reservoirs in her city are very small and they would be too difficult to use as a point of reference. “Anyway,” said the man, “you will then pass the East-Side Power Plant. This Power Plant is huge compared to the one that your friend Phyll works near. Continue around the reservoir and then you need to take a right after you see the Central Packaging Plant. You will notice the North-West Food Processing Factory on your left. This is where your friend works. You need to continue along the road and the entrance is around back, across from the small, North-West Power Plant. Once there, ask one of the guards at the front desk to call down your friend Phyll.” “Thanks so much,” said Celley. “No Problem,” said the man.
Celley spent quite some time traveling to the North-West Food Processing Factory. However, she realized that it was well worth the trip because she got to see her friend Phyll and she also got to learn about the unique place known as Cell City.

6. Celley’s Trip to Cell City - Review Questions
Retrace Celley’s travels and try to list the structures/parts of Cell City that she encountered during her trip.
What was the one thing that Celley had encountered when first approaching Cell City that she did not have where she was from?
How many types of highway were present in Cell City? Explain.
What was the thing that was common in the city that Celley was from, however, she did not find in Cell City?
What aspect of the reservoir would have caused Celley’s journey to be more difficult if she had come a few weeks earlier?
How did Celley describe the reservoirs in her city?

7. Cell City Map Remember: All cities do not have to look alike or have the same physical structures.
Central
Packaging Plant
North-West
Power Plant
North-West Food
Processing Factory
Finish
East-Side
Power Plant
Broth/Fluid
Start
City
Support Beams
South-Side
Packaging Plant
Concrete Barrier
Large Chain-Link
Fence
Protein Factory
South-Side Food
Processing Factory
Small Chain-
Link Fence
Town Hall
(Control Center)
Reservoir
Highway/Thruway

8. Cell Parts Activity
For this activity you will be given 42 sheets to organize into 14 groups of three
Each group must contain:
a picture
the name of the cell part that the picture is representing
a mnemonic/analogy that will help to remember the part (or its function)

9. Cell History - Timeline
Hans &
Zacharias Janssen
1676- Leeuwenhoek
1839- Schwann
1665 – Hooke
1838- Schleiden
Hans & Zacharias Janssen
Took the normal
hand lens and
doubled its power
by combining it
with another…
the first COMPOUND
microscope!
1665 – Hooke
viewed cork cells
under a microscope
and thought they
were similar to
small rooms in a
monastery
called cells
1855- Virchow
1855- Virchow
discovered that
all living things
come from other
living things
1676- Leeuwenhoek
observed smaller
creatures (bacteria);
first to see living
cells
1838- Schleiden
viewed plants
under the
microscope;
first to find that
plants are indeed
made of
cells
1839- Schwann
viewed animal
parts under a
Microscope;
first to find that
animals are made
of cells
Cell Theory

10. Development of the CELL THEORY
These discoveries all led to important components of CELL THEORY
All living things are made of cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.   

11. Cell Significance Nutrition Digestion Absorption Biosynthesis
Respiration
Excretion
Secretion
Response
Reproduction

12. Life Span of Various Cells
Cell Type
Life Span
Lining of esophagus
2-3 Days
Lining of small intestine
1-2 Days
Lining of large intestine
6 Days
Red blood cells
Less than 120 Days
White blood cells
10 hours to decades
Smooth Muscle
Long-lived
Cardiac (heart) muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Neuron (nerve cell)

13. Two Basic Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cells that lack nuclei and organelles
Single-celled organisms
Ex. - Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles with membranes
Usually multi-cellular organisms
Ex. – Animal cell
Cells are primarily composed of water – around 90%

14. Two Basic Cell Types
The cells of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. - This figure illustrates a typical human cell
(eukaryote) and a typical bacterium (prokaryote). The drawing on the left highlights the
internal structures of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus (light blue), the nucleolus
(intermediate blue), mitochondria (orange), and ribosomes (dark blue). The drawing on
the right demonstrates how bacterial DNA is housed in a structure called the nucleoid
(very light blue), as well as other structures normally found in a prokaryotic cell, including
the cell membrane (black), the cell wall (intermediate blue), the capsule (orange), ribosomes
(dark blue), and a flagellum (also black).

15.                                                                                                    
Endosymbiotic Theory
States that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis (consumption) of bacteria and blue-green algae which, instead of becoming digested, became symbiotic.
The Evolution of Organelles
Imagine PACMAN eating the Ghosts, but them not dying. They just live
inside of him and continue performing their daily activities.
MOSES CIRCLE INTERACTIVE - Pac-Man

16. Only Found in Plant Cells
Basic Cell Parts
Cell Membrane & Nuclear Membranes
Nucleus with Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Microfilaments and Microtubules
Vacuole
Plastids
Cell Wall
Only Found in Plant Cells

17. Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Membranes
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
A flexible membrane separating the inside of a cell from its surroundings
Nuclear Membranes
A membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
Membrane

18. Membrane Close-Up (Phospholipid Bilayer)

19. Nucleus with Nucleolus
The control center (or “brain”) of all cell activity
Contains chromosomes which carry hereditary information (DNA)
Nucleolus prominent structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
Cell Nucleus

20. Cytoplasm jelly-like material that is eighty percent water
usually clear in color
It is the substance that fills the cell
holds cells organelles
Cytoplasm

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of folded membranes that form channels from the cell membrane through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane
Two types: rough (contains ribosomes) and smooth
Smooth
E.R.
Rough
E.R.

22. Ribosomes tiny, dense organelles where DNA is translated into protein

23. Mitochondrion (Mitochondria – pl.)
one of the largest organelles in the cytoplasm
they break down carbohydrates and sugars, making energy from the food we eat
center for cellular respiration
Mitochondria

24. Golgi Apparatus (Bodies)
Prepares and packages protein secretions of the cell
Resemble stack of pita breads
Golgi Bodies

25. Lysosome the disposal and recycling units of the cell
contain the enzymes necessary for digesting and refining cellular materials
Lysosome
Only found in animal cells

26. Microfilaments and Microtubules
Contributes to the support, movement, and the division of cells
Microfilaments  cellular movement
Microtubules  maintain cellular shape, tracks for organelle movement, and movement of chromosomes during division
Microtubules/
Microfilaments

27. Vacuole Fluid filled cavity or sac in the cell Many functions Storage
Protection against predators (contain poisonous compounds)
Pump water out of cell
Vacuoles
Typically more pronounced in Plant Cells

28. Plastids (Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts)
organelles that typically store “things”
found in the cells of most plants
Most popular plastid = chloroplast
Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll (green pigment in plants used for photosynthesis)
Chloroplasts
Plastids

29. Cell Wall
a rigid multi-layered structure found in plant and bacterial cells
designed to hold the cells together and protect the cell from injury
made of cellulose
Cell Wall

30. Levels of Organization
LEVEL 1 - Cells
Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
May serve a specific function within the organism
Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.
LEVEL 2 - Tissues
Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function
and which work together to perform a specific activity
Examples - blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans have 4 basic tissues:
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve
LEVEL 3 - Organs
Made up of tissues that work together to perform
a specific activity
Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
LEVEL4 - Organ Systems
Groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific
function for the organism.The Human body has 11 organ systems - circulatory,
digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune (lymphatic), integumentary,
muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.
Examples - circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc.
LEVEL 5 - Organisms
Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. Meaning they can take
in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment,
and reproduce. Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only
one cell such as bacteria or protist.
Examples - bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, human
Levels of Organization in Organisms

31. Levels of Organization (Visual Illustration)

32. Links Concepts in Biochemistry - Interactive Animations CELLS alive!
Cell Structure and Functions
Interactive Animal Cell
Typical Plant Cell

33. Various Microscopes
Museum of Microscopy - Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Microscopes
Museum of Microscopy - Eighteenth Century Microscopes
Museum of Microscopy - Nineteenth Century Microscopes
Museum of Microscopy - Twentieth Century Microscopes

34. Microscope “Stuff” Virtual Microscopy: Magnification
SEM - Image Gallery
Zoom In! - SEM