1. MCAS Guide Page 6
Kingdoms
Viruses

2. KINGDOMS All living things are separated into 5 kingdoms
Bacteria (2 types), Protists, Fungus, Plants and Animals
There are many ways to tell them apart
Cell type: Prokaryote or Eukaryote
How many cells : Unicellular or Multicellular
Get food/Energy: Autotroph (make their own) or Heterotroph (eat others)
The trick is knowing what separates each!!!

3. Bacteria Protists Fungus Plants Animals
- Prokaryote cells (the only one)
Protists
Eukaryotes, mostly unicellular, mostly autotrophs
Fungus
Eukaryotes, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs
Plants
Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Animals
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs

4. Viruses!! Viruses are not alive!!! Why not?
They are not made of cells, only DNA and protein
They can not reproduce on their own
They inject themselves into other living things
They take over the cell and use the cell to reproduce
Since viruses are not alive they don’t have a kingdom

5. A scientist discovered a new organism in some caves in Pennsylvania
A scientist discovered a new organism in some caves in Pennsylvania. The organism has the following characteristics:
It is multicellular.
Its cells lack cell walls.
It is motile.
It is heterotrophic.
Based on this information, to which kingdom does the organism belong?
A. Animalia
B. Eubacteria
C. Fungi
D. Plantae

6. A scientist discovered a new organism in some caves in Pennsylvania
A scientist discovered a new organism in some caves in Pennsylvania. The organism has the following characteristics: It is multicellular. – Not bacteria Its cells lack cell walls. – Not Plants It is motile. (Can move) – Not Fungus It is heterotrophic. Based on this information, to which kingdom does the organism belong? A. Animalia Animal is the only one that fits these criteria!!!

7. A process is illustrated in the diagram below.
Which process is illustrated in the diagram?
A. bacterial conjugation
B. facilitated diffusion
C. gamete formation
D. viral reproduction

8. A process is illustrated in the diagram below.
Which process is illustrated in the diagram?
D. viral reproduction
Viruses take over cells to reproduce

9. Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?
A. Agaricus arvensis, horse mushroom
B. Rhizopus stolonifer, bread mold fungus
C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker’s yeast
D. Thiopedia rosea, purple sulfur bacterium

10. Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?
D. Thiopedia rosea, purple sulfur bacterium
Only bacteria are prokaryotes!!!

11. Which of the following is incapable of reproducing outside a host cell?
A. alga
B. mold
C. moss
D. virus

12. Which of the following is incapable of reproducing outside a host cell
Which of the following is incapable of reproducing outside a host cell? D. virus Viruses need a host cell to reproduce

13. A variety of respiratory diseases in humans can be caused by adenoviruses. Which of the following describes the structure of an adenovirus? A. a prokaryotic cell that is propelled by a flagellum B. a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a protein coat C. a set of ribosomes that is held together by microtubules D. a single cell that contains a plasma membrane and a circular chromosome

14. A variety of respiratory diseases in humans can be caused by adenoviruses. Which of the following describes the structure of an adenovirus? B. a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a protein coat Viruses are not cells (so A and D are not true), Viruses are Nucleic Acid (surrounded by protein)

15. What information best completes the table?
The table below provides information about nutrition and cellular structure for organisms in different kingdoms.
Kingdom Nutrition Nucleus Unicell/Multicell
Fungi heterotrophic yes unicellular & multicellular
Plantae autotrophic yes multicellular
Animalia ? ? ?
What information best completes the table?
A. autotrophic, no, unicellular
B. autotrophic, yes, multicellular
C. heterotrophic, no, unicellular
D. heterotrophic, yes, multicellular

16. What information best completes the table?
The table below provides information about nutrition and cellular structure for organisms in different kingdoms.
Kingdom Nutrition Nucleus Unicell/Multicell
Fungi heterotrophic yes unicellular & multicellular
Plantae autotrophic yes multicellular
Animalia ? ? ?
What information best completes the table?
D. heterotrophic, yes, multicellular
Animals eat food (heterotrophic), have nucleus and are multicellular

17. A researcher is studying a particular disease-causing agent
A researcher is studying a particular disease-causing agent. The agent has a protein coat, but it lacks a nucleus, contains no other organelles, and can reproduce only when it is inside an animal cell. The researcher should classify the agent as which of the following? A. a bacterium B. a fungus C. a protist D. a virus

18. A researcher is studying a particular disease-causing agent
A researcher is studying a particular disease-causing agent. The agent has a protein coat, but it lacks a nucleus, contains no other organelles, and can reproduce only when it is inside an animal cell. The researcher should classify the agent as which of the following? D. a virus Virus can’t reproduce on their own!!!

19. Scientists have discovered a new type of organism
Scientists have discovered a new type of organism. To assign the organism to a domain and kingdom, which of the following is most important for scientists to know? A. the organism’s cell structure B. the organism’s population size C. the organism’s social behavior D. the organism’s reproductive rate

20. Scientists have discovered a new type of organism
Scientists have discovered a new type of organism. To assign the organism to a domain and kingdom, which of the following is most important for scientists to know? A. the organism’s cell structure The only category listed that separates kingdoms is cell structure (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

21. Which of the following statements explains why viruses are able to reproduce only inside host cells instead of being able to reproduce on their own?
A. Viruses cannot function at temperatures other than 98.6°F.
B. Viruses lack spindle fibers that correctly align chromosomes for division.
C. Viruses are too small to effectively make copies of themselves on their own.
D. Viruses lack the cellular machinery needed to make copies of their genetic material.

22. Which of the following statements explains why viruses are able to reproduce only inside host cells instead of being able to reproduce on their own?
D. Viruses lack the cellular machinery needed to make copies of their genetic material.
Viruses use the host cell’s organelles to copy themselves

23. A tomato plant in a greenhouse was found to be infected with tobacco mosaic virus. A few weeks later, nearby plants were also found to be infected with the virus.
Which of the following best describes how the virus reproduced?
A. The virus made its own spores.
B. The virus produced seeds in the tomatoes.
C. The virus used the host plant’s resources and machinery to reproduce.
D. The virus immediately killed the host plant and was free to reproduce.

24. A tomato plant in a greenhouse was found to be infected with tobacco mosaic virus. A few weeks later, nearby plants were also found to be infected with the virus.
Which of the following best describes how the virus reproduced?
C. The virus used the host plant’s resources and machinery to reproduce.
Viruses use the host cell’s organelles to copy themselves

25. There are not many questions on the kingdoms, but you will likely see one or two!!!