1. Unit 65 - lighting

2. Types Of Lighting Equipment
• SOURCE
MSA/DE 2500W
Lamp life hours
Color temperature K
Luminous flux lm
• OPTIC COLOR SYSTEM
Full CYM color mixing, unlimited variety of colours and shades.
High resolution stepper motors
The color changer can be drived with 4 different speeds or in real time
Shutter + dimmer
• BEAM ANGLE (50% intensity)
50°x52°
• HEAD ROTATION
Up to 260°
• CONTROL INPUT
Standard interface: RS-485; opto-couplet input
Protocol: USITT DMX 512
Software upgrade from DMX line
• SETUP AND CONFIGURATION
Dynamic menus for customization of all fixture functions
• AUTO MODE
Stand-alone control: auto mode function master/slave (synchro mode) with internal present
• IP 54 RATE
• POWER SUPPLY (magnetic ballast)
Rated voltage: 230V~ /50Hz
Studio Due – City colour 2500
The city centre light is similar to the wash light as it projects one block of colour, the colour gets brighter as the lamp heats up. The light gets very hot however the heat is distributed so it is not one part of the light getting hot and doing damage to the light. This light is also water proof so it can be used in any weather conditions. The powerful light beam can create numberless colour shades. The studio due city centre was selected to illuminate the major section of the mast in Australia. I found one if these lights for 1,900 euros for second hand on sourceEurope.com. You would use them outside or in a large venue because they produce a large amount of lights and are very bright and have a large spread.
The difference between the city colour and nova flower are, the city colour stays still and does not move, the nova flower moves in various positions so the nova flower would be better for more exciting lighting.
Scenario:
I would use this light outside as it is IP rated, I would use it to light up buildings such as a castle, it is very bright due to its 2500 watt lamp and has a wide beam angle of 50°x52° meaning less fixtures could be used.
Comparison:
I would use this over a nova flower light because the nova flower does not wash a wall/room, it creates a pattern.

3. unlimited variety of colours and shades
Disadvantages:
Heavy which means it is hard to manœuvre
Expensive to run due to the high watt lamp
Expensive to buy
Very hot due to the lamp
Advantages:
Wide spread
IP rated
Very bright
Full CYM color mixing
unlimited variety of colours and shades

4. Nova Flower Light
The nova flower is a 1200 watt lamp which is waterproof so it can be used in any weather conditions. The light beam projects onto a metal plate and goes up into the sky making a moon flower shape in a vary of colours. The nova flower is weighed about 88kg which means It is too heavy to transport easily so it is placed on a flight case so you can easily wheel it around. The nova flower has 14 channels: 1) colours, all the combinations, 2) colours motors speed, 3) reflectors speed, 4) lamp on/off + reset, 5) shutter, 6) magenta, 7) cyan, 8) yellow, 9) pan 8 beats, 10) tilt 8 beats, 11) pan 16 beats, 12) tilt 16 beats, 13) pan speed, 14) tilt speed. This light has been used at big venues and had a huge impact including the Paul O'Grady show and the x-factor and the mtv awards. I found a nova light second hand for £3,500, however you could double the price if it was brand new.
Comparison:
The difference between the nova flower and a moving head are the following: a moving head is a lot smaller and doesn’t produce as much light, the nova flower is a lot brighter and bigger.
Scenario: I would use this light outside as it is waterproof or indoors at a concert or extremely large theatre as they give out a lot of light due to the 1200 watt lamp.

5. Expensive to buy and run
Disadvantages:
The nova flower is weighed about 88kg which means It is too heavy to transport easily
Expensive to buy and run
Advantages:
IP rated
1200 watt lamp
Can be wheeled around in a case
Variety of colors
Many different features

6. Moving Head
The ultra-compact MAC 101 LED moving head wash is available in three white light versions that expand its use to applications where high quality, pure white light is needed. The MAC 101 CT incorporates both cold and warm LEDs instead of RGB for a better white light quality and greater output. Colour temperature calibrated to ensure visual consistency across fixtures, the MAC 101 CT allows for easy changes in colour temperature from crisp cold looks to warm shades, and features simple intensity control.
High quality LED white light
Ideal for highlighting skin tones, textiles or set pieces
Variable colour temperature
Tight and punchy beam effects, long throw
Multiple field angle options for a perfect wash
Incredibly fast and precise movement
Less than 125 watt total power requirement
Ultra-compact, low weight design (3.7 kg)
Power and data daisy-chain
This is a great light to wash the stage with, it enables me to have choice over any colour and anywhere on the stage or venue. This light is different to the other moving head because it incorporates both warm and cold LED'S instead of RGB.
Scenario: I would use this light to wash the stage with a block colour as it isn’t very big and is easy to place. I would use this light in a concert to create effects for the performance.
Comparison:
The difference between a moving head and a Fresnel light are the following: a moving light can be various difference colours and can move at many angles. The Fresnel is set as white or clear and lights up one area as it stays still.

7. Disadvantages: Not as bright as a lamp
High quality LED white light
Ideal for highlighting skin tones, textiles or set pieces
Tight and punchy beam effects, long throw
Incredibly fast and precise movement
Disadvantages:
Not as bright as a lamp
Has a defined edge so trying to create a wash effect would only be possible by using many fixtures

8. Types Of Lighting
In our lesson today we explored different types of lights other than DMX. We got given a work sheet which had five different types of lights including; Fresnel, profile, PC, flood and parcan.
Fresnel;
The Fresnel light uses a circular reflector. The lens is not very precise however it gives a very soft edged beam as well as spreading a great deal of light outside the beam (spill). The light can be focused in order to alter the size of the light beam but it cannot project gobo images. Even though the Fresnel light isn't very efficient, it is a good light for stage lighting, especially at close and medium ranges to the subject
Thin & Lightweight Design
High 97+ CRI
Water Resistant IP54 Rating
Continual Focus- Variable Spot-Flood
Completely Silent Operation
Single Shadow Beam Shaping
Fully Dimmable 100 – 0%
3200K or 5600K Versions
DMX or Wireless Operation
Battery or Worldwide AC Power
Yoke Mount for Pan & Tilt
Sturdy, Durable Aluminum Construction
Made Production Tough in the USA
Packs Small and Light
No Noise.
Low Power Draw
No Spare Bulbs to Buy or Carry
Low Maintenance Cost & Downtime
Very Portable. Use it Anywhere!
Extremely Versatile Light
Comparison:
The Fresnel is the opposite to a pin spot because the Fresnel lights up a big area and the pin spot only lights up a small area.
Scenario: I would use this light to wash a stage for a theatrical production as it is a flood of light and you can put coloured gel in front of it to create a coloured light.

9. Spreading a great deal of light outside the beam
Advantages:
Spreading a great deal of light outside the beam
It is a small and light fixture
No noise output because it has no fans
Disadvantages:
High power consumption
High heat output
Not waterproof
You cannot control the beam of light meaning you have to use barn doors to define the surface needing light
Only provides one light

10. Types Of Lighting Advantages: Disadvantages:
LED Pin spot 2
The LED Pin spot 2 includes two front focal lens options to produce hard-edge beams for a variety of applications. The LED Pin spot 2 is extremely lightweight, at less than one pound, and is powered by a 3W white LED. The auto switching power supply allows the fixture to adapt to the voltage provided, ranging from 100V to 240V.
Comparison:
The pin spot is very different to a Fresnel light because it is a very narrow spot light and you could not light up a stage with a pin spot, only a small area of the stage or a person.
Advantages:
Very light and small which means it is easy to move
Variety of applications
Scenario:
I would use this light to light up a musician during a gig.
• Light Source: 1 (white) 3W (700mA) LED 50,000hrs
• Beam Angle: 6° (installed), 9° (included)
• Illuminance (6°): 4,120 2m
• Illuminance (9°): 1,335 2m
• Input Voltage: Auto-ranging VAC 50/60Hz
• Power and Current: 4W, 230V 50Hz
• Weight: 0.4kg
• Size: 193 x 105 x 148mm
• Approvals: CE
Disadvantages:
Cannot create a food of light
Only has one color source (white)

11. Types Of Lighting Advantages: Disadvantages:
Flood;
The flood is an uncontrolled light which produces a very large area of illumination. It has no lens and relies on a large reflector to direct the light out which results in a cheap and efficient light which produces a large amount of spill.
Technical Specification
Voltage 110 – 240
Driver Integral
Lamp col.
6000K PIR detection angle 120°
PIR detection range 8-12mtr
Timer 10s – 10min
Lux level 10 – 100 lux
IP Rating IP65
Advantages:
Large area of illumination
Large amount of spill
IP rated
Disadvantages:
Hasn’t got a very high voltage
It is a flood light which means you cannot create a precise spot light or shape
Features
Energy efficient replacement for traditional tungsten halogen fittings
Available with PIR with built in dusk till dawn sensor
Complete with mounting bracket and 0.9m flex
Built in integral driver
Comparison:
The difference between a flood and a pin spot is the flood is a flood of light and produces a large area of light however the pin spot only gives a small spot of light.
Scenario: I would use this light outside or inside as it is water resistant, I would use it to light up a building.

12. Setting Up Equipment
In today's lesson the lighting group looked at our lighting kit list and went into the workshop and got out the equipment we had listed. The lights in these pictures are outdoor fixtures will be used to light up the outside of the Studio school.

13. Cue Sheets Explained Cue Number Act Scene Cue Point Page
A cue sheet can be defined as a sequential list of changes running through a performance. It can be used to document lighting changes, sound changes, special effects and set movement. They are used by technicians to ‘run’ a show and get all the elements of the show in the correct order at the correct time. Large shows have a single cue sheet on which all the cues for all the elements are listed, along with the position in the script at which they happen. This is referred to as the book and is used by the stage manager to call the show, a process by which each cue is relayed back to the various operators running the show.
Cue Number
Act Scene
Cue Point
Page
Cue Description
LX 34
Ac I ScIII
The stage left door is shut 19
Hall light is dimmed to 30%
LX 35
AcI ScIII
Stuart says “Shall we go outside?” 20
Lights in lounge dim slowly and lights in bedroom go on.
LX 36
Music stops
All stage lights dim to black and audience lights come up.

14. Setting Up Lights
Today we went into the warehouse to see what we remember on setting up lights. We got into groups and got given four stratus washes and two moving heads, we then had an hour to make them work. First we collected the cables we needed (dmx and iec) and extension leads, we then plugged them all in, making sure the input and output was correct. We then had to ensure the channels were the correct number, the dot under the number tells us that the numbers go up in 3 so our four stratus washes were channels 1,4,,7,10. However, the moving heads have 14 fixtures which meant they were 13 and 27. We had a few problems when setting up such as: connecting the inputs and outputs incorrect and not remembering how to change the channels. Once we were happy with the lights, Paul checked they were all right we used sunlight software to ensure we had all the channels in the right order and to make sure we had all out channels on the correct fixture. Once the sunlight software had downloaded all the lights worked which meant we had set it up correct.

15. Cue number – The number of the next cue
Cue number – The number of the next cue. The prefix can be LX, SX, FX or Rail (used for fly cues).
Act/Scene – The act and scene in which the cue takes place.
Cue point – The specific point in the performance at which the cue will take place.
Page – Page number of the script.
Cue Description – Description of what changes will take place during the cue.
Cue Number
Act Scene
Cue Point
Page
Cue Description
SX 15
Act ISc III
At start of scene when lights go up. 22
Sound of birds and gentle wind which carries on for 5m35s.
SX 16
5 seconds after lightning is seen on stage. 23
Crack of thunder
SX 17
Janet says “how are we going to get home now?” 30
Sound of car pulling up and stopping.

16. Unit 65 - Sound

17. SM58 Brand - Shure Item Weight - 299 g
Microphones: The three different types of microphones are the Shure SM58 which is used for vocals as it has a circular pattern. I would use this for a musician when recording vocals.
Brand - Shure
Item Weight g
Product Dimensions x 12.5 x 8.4 cm
Item model number - SM58-LC
Screen Size - 1 inches
Advantages:
Isolates background noise
Good for vocals
Durable construction
Can be used indoors and outdoors
Comparison: I would choose this microphone over an SM57 because it has a pop shield.
Disadvantages:
Only used for vocals, not instruments
Technology is not good as it from the 70’s
In comparison to other microphones it is quite cheep
Scenario: I would use this microphone when a musician is performing.

18. SM57
Shure SM57 which is used for instruments as it has a high sound pressure level.
Type Dynamic
Frequency Response 40 to 15,000 Hz
Polar Pattern Cardioid
Sensitivity
(at 1,000 Hz Open Circuit Voltage)
Open Circuit Voltage: dBV/Pa* (1.6 mV)
*(1 Pa = 94 dB SPL)
Impedance Rated impedance is 150Ω (310Ω actual) for connection to
microphone inputs rated low impedance.
Polarity Positive pressure on diaphragm produces positive voltage on pin 2 with respect to pin 3.
Case Dark gray, enamel-painted, die-cast steel with a polycarbonate
grille and a stainless steel screen.
Connector Three-pin professional audio connector (male XLR type)
Net Weight 284 grams (10 oz)
Dimensions 157 mm (6-3/16 in.) L x 32 mm (1-1/4 in.) W at the widest point
Advantages:
Picks up all instruments sound because it has a high SPL (sound pressure level)
Can pick up amplified sound or acoustic
Robust microphone
Disadvantages:
Only used for instruments
Not recommended for vocals
Unlike a condenser it cannot pick up sound from a distance
Comparison: I would use this microphone over a SM58 to pick up instruments sound because it can withstand a very high SPL (sound pleasure level)
Scenario: I would use those microphone to pick up sound at a gig.

19. Speakers
There are two types of speakers, active and passive. Active speakers have a amplifier built into them, however passive speakers do not which means they have to be plugged into a separate amp.
Active: As active speakers have an amplifier built in they are a lot easier to use as you can only use one or daisy them. Because there is no need for an external amp, active speakers are a lot more convenient for music gigs.
Advantages:
Has a wide range
High frequencies of up to 18 kHz
Has a built in handle which means it is easy to move
Disadvantages:
You cannot have control of all the speakers in one place as the amps are external
To turn them all on you would have to go round to all the speakers
Comparison:
I would use this speaker if I was a mobile DJ because they do not need a lot of equipment and it is easier to carry and pack away.
Scenario: I would use this speaker if I was a mobile DJ because it is easier to carry around and I would not need more than 1-2.

20. Passive Speakers Advantages:
A passive speaker doesn't have a built-in amplifier; it needs to be connected to your amplifier through normal speaker wire. This speaker level signal has been amplified enough to drive the speakers sufficiently.
Crossover Frequency: 380Hz & 3.8kHz
Dimensions: H 740mm 29.1" W 330mm 13.0" D 465mm 18.3"
Drive Units: LF 250mm PMC Carbon Fibre /Nomex™ piston driver , MF 75mm doped fabric , HF 27mm fabric soft dome
Effective ATL™
Length: 2.4m 8ft
Impedance: 4 Ohm nominal
Input Connectors: 3 Pairs 4mm Sockets (Tri-wire or Tri-Amp)
Recommended Amp Power: W
Sensitivity: 89dB 1W 1m
Useable Frequency Response: 25Hz-25kHz Peak 1M: 116dB
Weight: 36kg 79.2lbs
Advantages:
You can control them all at the same time/place
You don’t need lots of power
Disadvantages:
You need to carry a lot more equipment
A lot more time consuming
Comparison: I would use these speakers over active speakers in a large venue when more speakers are needed because they are easier to control.
Scenario: I would use these speakers in a large theatre because they are easier to control at one time.

21. Mixing Desk Disadvantages: Hard to manoeuvre Expensive to buy
While being compact and light enough for one person to move and set up easily, this model includes features that have been field-proven in previous Yamaha digital consoles as well as outstanding sonic quality.
The Behringer XL3200 features 28 state-of-the-art XENYX Mic Preamps plus 4 stereo Line inputs with ultra-high RFI suppression designed for live applications. ALso Neo-classic "British" 4-band EQs with 2 semi-parametric mid bands for a warm and musical sound.
Advantages:
High-quality components and exceptionally rugged construction ensure long life
Long-wearing 60 mm logarithmic-taper faders and sealed rotary controls
Disadvantages:
Hard to manoeuvre
Expensive to buy
Scenario: I would use a mixing desk at a theatre performance.
Comparison: I would pick this piece of equipment as it has saved scenes and effect and the Alon and Heith ZED 436 doesn’t.

22. Video
equipment

23. Video Equipment Panasonic HC-MDH2 AVCHD Shoulder Mount Camcorder (PAL)
1/2.33" MOS Full HD Sensor
Intelligent Auto Mode
Illuminated Ring Indicates Camera Status
Transfer Files Without a Computer
Manual Control of Lens Functions
Advantages:
Full HD recording
Intelligent zoom
Wide-viewing angle
Auto and manual focus
Comparison:
I would use the Panasonic HC-MDH2 over the HC-V130EB-K for outdoors use because it has a better zoom.
Disadvantages:
Small hand held which means it can be dropped and broken easily
No interchangeable lenses
Scenario: I would use this at a large festival which is being filmed because it is shoulder mount which means the camera operator can have it on their shoulder and film the best bits.

24. Canon Cinema EOS C300 Features: Compact body SDI output
Full manual output
8.3 megapixel
Advantages:
Exposure and focus are both manual
Compact and lightweight
Three built-in ND filters
Disadvantages:
Doesn’t have a built in mic
Menu options are confusing
Comparison:
I would use a Canon Cinema EOS C300 over a Canon Legria HF G30 camcorder because it has built in ND filters (neutral density where the other doesn’t.
Scenario: I would use this piece of equipment for filming outdoors because due to the ND filters the lighting of the footage would be balanced without too much exposure.

25. Long Throw Projector Scenario:
Some come in HD
Can do live feed from a video camera
Can play DVD’s
The further away you put the projector the less defined the projection will be
To prevent shadows you can invert the image and put the projector behind the back drop
You use a long throw projector over a short throw projector if you have a large space and throwing the projection a long way
Scenario:
You would use a long throw projector in a large space like a Christmas show in a hall.
Comparison:
You would use a long throw projector over a short throw projector if you have a large space. This is because the close this projector is to what is projecting on, the smaller the image.
Advantages:
You can have it far away from where you are projecting
You can produce a larger image
Disadvantages:
You cannot use it close as it will be distorted and too small of an image

26. Short Throw Projector Advantages: You can manually focus the image
Can play DVD’s
Has a USB input
Has a flip out mirror
You can invert the image to prevent shadows
Disadvantages:
You cannot use it in a large space otherwise it will be pixelated
Comparison:
You would use a short throw projector over a long throw projector if you only had a small space because you can only ‘throw’ the image being projected a certain distance before it starts to become pixelated.
Scenario:
I would use a short throw projector in a small space because it cannot be projected far.

27. Qlab Projector Disadvantages:
Qlab is a software which only works on Macs
It allows you to play multiple videos with Matrix
Using qlab can project more than one image or stretch a single image across three screens
You can use this to project something for a school play ect
You can pre programme a show with sound, lighting and video cues
Projector
Disadvantages:
Qlab is a software which only works on Macs
Matrix
Comparison: I would use Qlab over a Green Hippo Hippotizer HD Media Server because it takes up less room and is cheaper.
Mac
Scenario: I would use Qlab when a big perfomance was happening which includes many different sound, lighting and video ques.