1. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium This project is funded by the European Union Projekat finansira Evropska Unija Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Projekat realizuje Human Dynamics Konzorcijum TOPICS ADDRESSED IN DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL EMERGENCY PLANS (EEP) IN GREECE Antony Thanos Ph.D. Chem. Eng. antony.thanos@gmail.com

2. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Basic framework on External Emergency Planning  Developed in last half of 90s, for 3 major industrial areas of Greece, included : oMain structure of External Emergency Plan Document oEmergency Zones definition and extent Development of External Emergency Plans  During 2004-2005, 100 External Emergency Plans developed with EU funding, at 24 different prefectures  Development by consortium of private companies in close collaboration with Authorities and Seveso establishments

3. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Zones definition and extent  Typically, standardized endpoints (usually up to 3 levels at EU members) defined by Authorities for Emergency Zones, different per accident effects categories: othermal radiation ooverpressure otoxic dispersion  Definition of Emergency Zones endpoints must take into account expected extents :  Unrealistic situations with huge emergency zones must be avoided (unrealistic emergency response)  Most hard case: toxics dispersion

4. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Zones definition and extent (cont.)  Basic element of EEP as providing the basis for expected effects and protection actions External Emergency Plan External Emergency Plan Emergency Zones Endpoints Emergency Zones Endpoints Emergency Zones Extent calculation (Safety Report) Emergency Zones Extent calculation (Safety Report)

5. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Zones definition and extent (cont.)  Extent of Emergency Zones to be calculated in Safety Report  Requirement by Authorities for Presentation of Emergency Zones and Domino effects Zone in maps in Safety Reports

6. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Zones example (Greece case)

7. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency and Domino Zones Maps example in Safety Report

8. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Sources required for EEP Preparation  Safety Reports (establishment and potentially Safety Reports from neighbouring establishment)  Area information omaps oinformation on special interest/vulnerable places (schools, hospitals, elderly houses, campings, hotels, prisons, sport installations- stadiums etc.) location (for inclusion in maps), contact personnel, phone operating time, period capacities

9. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Sources required for EEP Preparation (cont.)  Authorities information oInvolved agencies (location, contact points, 24- hour phones) oResources available (quantities per type) Very important topic. Facilities for temporarily shelter of people, in case of evacuation, have to be defined.

10. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Structure of EEP Document Section I - Introduction Section II - Establishment Data Section III - Accident Mitigation Plan Appendixes

11. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Section I – Introduction I.1 Distribution Table I.2 Revisions Table I.3 Classified material statements I.4 Abbreviations/Definitions

12. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Section II – Establishment Data (cont.) ΙΙ.1 Establishment identity (address, contact points/personnel along with 24-hour phones, number of personnel present – daily/ shift personnel-, working hours etc.) ΙΙ.2 Establishment location and surrounding area (dwellings, industries, transportation routes etc.) ΙΙ.3 Hazardous substances (substances –identity, quantities - in Upper Tier limits) ΙΙ.4 Units and storage areas ΙΙ.5 Buildings – Aux. areas – other installations ΙΙ.6 Detection and mitigation measures, medical facilities ΙΙ.7 Fire-fight water (sources, pumps) ΙΙ.8 Information on Safety Report (revision table) ΙΙ.9 Hazards from Establishment (list of scenarios, including location, substance involved, effects type)

13. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Section II – Establishment Data (cont.)  High standardized form/template  Basic material for completion: Safety Report  Could be asked to be filled by the Establishment

14. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Section ΙΙΙ – Accident Mitigation Plan (cont.) III.xAccident category x (x=1, 2,..) III.x.1Accident Description III.x.2Consequences estimation III.x.3Early warning for accident to Authorities and Authorities activation sequence III.x.4Operations Command & Control III.x.5Public protection actions III.x.6Alert to public / Information to public III.x.7Safety of Emergency Responders III.x.8Public Health and Medical Support III.x.9Technical Support III.x.10Accident Log III.x.11Post-accident actions III.x.12Short Action List

15. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Appendixes A Emergency Agencies (address, phones/FAX day/24-hour for agencies and phones day/24-hour for agencies heads and adjuncts) 1.Agencies for Emergency Operations (scene/field) Civil Protection Secretariat (central government) Fire Brigade (region, local level departments) Police (region, local level departments) Port Police (region, local level departments) Ambulance Services 2.Regional/prefectural/municipal administration departments 3.Medical services Administration at central government, and regional levels Hospitals/Clinics (state and private).

16. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Appendixes (cont.) A Emergency Agencies (cont.) 4.Central government ministries and other support agencies (power, water supply providers, public transportation agencies –buses/trains etc.) 5. Military headquarters in region, military installations in accident area 6. Television stations 7. Radio stations

17. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Appendixes (cont.) B Accident Mitigation Resources per agency at local/prefecture level  Human resources  Equipment oemergency response vehicles (per type especially for fire brigade vehicles) oscene remote surveillance media (helicopters, airplanes etc.) opersonnel protection media oaccident mitigation media otransportation media (buses etc.) osupport equipment (water supply road tankers, excavators, trucks)  Other support resources (locations for temporary shelters)

18. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium EEP Appendixes (cont.) C Maps/Drawings  Establishment Layout (from Safety Report)  Close area Map  Wide area Map  Accident Scenarios Maps (one per worst case accident examined)  D Safety Data Sheets for substances under concern

19. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Safety Reports to be used in EEP Preparation  Safety Reports of establishment related to EEP oEstablishment data oAccident scenarios  Potentially Safety Reports from neighbouring establishment odue to Domino effects from establishment to neighbours oAssessment of potential escalation of initial accident

20. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Safety Reports to be used in EEP Preparation (cont.)  Problems encountered:  Unrealistic differences in results for specific type of accidents (dispersion of SO 2 due to fire in fuel installations). Judgement necessary to assess who provides realistic estimation.  Some scenarios were based on outdated IDLH values. New Emergency Zones calculated by primary data of concentration (table/graph) in Safety Reports)

21. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Important !!! For EEP preparation (and implementation) the accident is considered as happened and can potentially escalate oDo not mix EEP with requirements to the establishment for additional prevention/mitigation measures. oOther regulatory procedures deal with this point

22. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data on Authorities  Big challenge to obtain data from several Authorities agencies  Contradictory information available, need to check out data  Hardest challenge to keep data updated

23. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data for Area (mapping up to where ?)  One guidance is provided by Emergency Zones extent... but Emergency Zones must have been defined  Emergency Zones are prone to uncertainty of consequence analysis. Additional area must be covered.  Additional area required also for facilitating decisions on: otraffic control oaccess routes oselection of shelters after evacuation oetc.

24. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data for Area (cont.)  Approach adopted for wide area map: oMapping up to radius of 150% of higher Emergency Zone (Zone 3) oMinimum case: 4 km radius around establishment oTypical scale 1:2.500-1:5.000  Approach adopted for close area map: oMapping up to radius of 120% of higher Emergency Zone (Zone 3) oMinimum case: 2 km radius around establishment oTypical scale 1:25.000

25. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data for Area (cont.)  Problems encountered:  No central Authority for mapping data available  Poor area maps available in Safety Reports, as typical maps available to public by State (usually Army Geography Service) were quite outdated  In some maps, areas depicted in black (military installations or critical infrastructure installations such refineries) (the public eye in the sky –Google Earth - was not available at that time)  In some areas close to borders, quite limited maps at all available, due to military restrictions

26. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data for Area (cont.)  Problems encountered: (cont)  No unified GIS-background information available  No special requirements for indication of vulnerable places in Safety Report maps, neither on mapping extent  No organized collection of vulnerable places data by Authorities, contradictory information available  Gathering of data required also area surveys and data verification

27. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Collection of data for Area (cont.)  Wide/Close area maps build by GIS application in which all cartographic background information were introduced, along with collaborating database (MS Access) in which information were stored for: oestablishment (location of tanks/units, content, scenarios, emergency zones) ovulnerable places (location, contact information, capacities, working hours) oauthorities agencies (location, contact information)

28. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Extract of map developed Seveso sites Accident Locations (tanks etc.) Vulnerable places Sports facilities Schools Elderly houses Public service Other Agencies Ministry Police Fire Brigade Health service Municipality office Army Other Road network Primary Secondary Other Agencies Ministry Police Fire Brigade Health service Municipality office Army Other Vulnerable places Sports facilities Schools Elderly houses Public service Other Agencies Ministry Police Fire Brigade Health service Municipality office Army Other

29. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Categories  Categories selected based on top events (final accidents) included in Safety Report  Generic list of top events expected : oPool fire oFireball (BLEVE) oJet flame (only for pipelines) oUVCE (vapour cloud explosion) oToxic dispersion  No flash fire, as typically ignited before EEP can be activated  No jet flame for vessels/tanks, as considered to lead to fireball

30. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Categories (cont.)  For each category of top event, different scenarios included for : otank farm (both tank and dike fire -if applicable-) oprocess units area opipelines from/to establishment omovement facilities (road/rail tankers stations, ports) usually not for LPG depots, as accidents in road/rail tankers can trigger tank accident (even worse)

31. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Categories (cont.)  For each scenario included, the worst-case one was examined based on : oconsequence (protection zones) extent and oproximity to fence (affecting external area affected), especially if vulnerable objects are close and oworst case atmospheric conditions  For large establishments (petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, chemical complexes), multiple worst-cases examined for different areas of establishments (due to different affected areas)

32. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Categories (cont.)  Multiple worst-case (BLEVE) example, refinery with LPG/propylene tanks at different areas of refinery

33. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Categories (cont.)  Different worst-case scenarios examined for different toxics (for example in refineries : SO 2 dispersion from tank fire, and H 2 S dispersion from failures in sulphur recovery units –Claus)  Different worst-case scenarios examined for different storage types of same toxic (for example ammonia), due to inherent difference in dispersion mechanisms : orefrigerated gas osemi-refrigerated or pressure liquefied gases toxics

34. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Description  Standardised generic description for accident in such type of establishment (very useful for general overview of accident characteristics) oAccident expression (causes, duration, evolution) oEffects to people/structures (qualitative) oDomino effects/escalation (qualitative) oAppropriate mitigation strategy/means/actions

35. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Consequence estimation  Scenario data oSubstance involved oEquipment involved (dimensions) oDuration oOther scenario characteristics such as : BLEVE : fireball radius pool fire : flame length, angle atmospheric conditions, oImportant assumptions (for example: full tank considered)

36. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Consequence estimation (cont.)  Basis of zones definition, zones extent, BLEVE example Zone Ι Emergency responders Zone ΙΙ Population serious effects Zone ΙΙΙ Population serious effects Domino effects 1500 TDU450 TDU170 TDUFireball radius 3 rd degree burns (lethal effects) to over 50% of exposed people 3 rd degree burns to 1% of exposed people 1 st degree burns to significant part of exposed people Significant damage to buildings, structures 1110 m1750 m2470 m311 m

37. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Affected area identification  Standardized table for each Protection Zone including: oArea description oTransportation routes oIndustries oVulnerable places oAffected authorities places oContact information, capacity, operating hours included  For Domino Zone, comment of equipment, industries included

38. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Affected area identification (cont.)  Example for LPG depot XYZ ZonePROTECTION ZONES IDENTIFICATION II TypeDescription AreaAspropyrgos, main section of Evangelistria settlement Transportation routes Athens-Korinth National Road from Salvation church till 500 m before Koumoundourou lake Railroad New pier of ABC refinery NameAddressTel/FAXCapacityOperating hours Industries Refinery ABC (administration building, west tank farm), 16 th km National Road Athens- Korinth, 19300, Aspropyrgos 21056789123, FAX: 21057924680 950 400 5-days (07:00- 16:00) Other ….

39. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Affected area identification (cont.)  Example for LPG depot XYZ ZonePROTECTION ZONES IDENTIFICATION II TypeDescription NameAddressTel/FAXCapacityOperating hours Vulnerable places Navy Academy17 th km National Road Athens- Korinth, 19300, Aspropyrgos 2105671234567 FAX: 21057924680 170007:00-15:00 Other hours very limited people 2 nd High schoolPericles and Aristeidis str. 19300, Aspropyrgos 2105679876543 FAX: 2105671253642 174Morning

40. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Affected area identification (cont.)  Example for LPG depot XYZ ZONEDOMINO ZONE IDENTIFICATION DOMINO The whole of XYZ establishment Refinery ABC : tanks P-8810 P-8811, P-8812, P-8813, P-8814, P-8819 Greek Steel Factory

41. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Accident Map  Build by the former GIS application, along with the collaborating database (MS Access)  Both protection and Domino Zones presented  Pre-defined ready layouts for the worst case scenarios examined in EEP  Every accident scenario included in Safety Report can be presented in GIS application

42. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Early warning of accident  Crucial point, as initiating event for triggering activation of External Emergency Plan  One-call approach adopted : call to Fire Brigade emergency service number  Exception: only one prefecture where authorities insisted on multiple calls (to Fire Brigade, Police and Ambulance emergency numbers)  Please take into account that the caller has the fire running after him, no time for multiple calls  Standardised template for early warning message to be provided

43. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Early warning message template 1Establishment name 2Caller data (name, position) 3Time of accident initiation 4Type of event (fire, explosion, leak, combination) 5Event location (process, tank, warehouse) 6Event severity (A-simple, B-significant, C-very serious) 7Involved substances 8Substances quantity (if known or estimation)

44. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Early warning message template accident (cont.) 9Effects in establishment (casualties, secondary events) 10Effects outside establishment (known or expected) 11Actions for event control (applied) 12Establishment needs (e.g. materials, media etc.) 13Phone number or verification call code

45. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Authorities activation sequence  First step, verification of call with call-back and/or checking of caller data in EEP  Description of sequence of calls (who calls who) for activation of all involved agencies in order to : oactivate all involved agencies ostart of operation of administrative instruments (prefectural coordination committee) omultiple level sequences, initially spread through different services, then top to down osequence of calls presented in tables

46. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Authorities activation sequence (cont.)  1 st level CallerReceiving agencies (phones in Appendix A) Fire Brigade emergency service office Local Fire Brigade station Police emergency service Medical emergency service (ambulance service) Prefecture Civil Protection Head

47. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Authorities activation sequence (cont.)  2 nd level CallerReceiving agencies (phones in Appendix A) Prefecture Civil Protection Head Prefect Central Government Civil Protection Secretariat Fire Brigade emergency service office Additional Fire Brigade station for backup Police emergency service Police stations in area Poad traffic control stations in area Medical emergency service (ambulance service) Ambulances in shift Hospitals in area

48. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Authorities activation sequence (cont.)  3 nd level CallerReceiving agencies (phones in Appendix A) Prefecture Civil Protection Head Members of Prefecture Coordination Committee : Prefecture Technical Services head Prefecture Public Health head …. Police head in area Fire Brigade head in area …. Region Civil Protection head …. Army Commander in area ….

49. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Command and Control  Typically, hierarchy structure and mission defined by legislation  Major gap encountered: No scene (operations) commander (commander of all emergency responders in accident area) foreseen in legislation.  Considered as absolutely necessary for coordination of actions in accident area between emergency responder teams (fire brigade, police, medical services etc.)

50. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Command and Control  Proposal for scene commander: Top officer of Fire Brigade on scene.  Why Fire Brigade ??? Most probably the most knowledgeable from emergency responders on hazards from accident and potential escalation risks  Operations Command and Control centres  Central government (Civil Protection Secretariat premises)  Regional (prefectural level where Prefectural Coordination Committee operates, prefecture premises)

51. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Command and Control (cont.)  Important issue to be considered : Local Operations Command and Control centre oRather close to accident area, but in safe distance oTo be used by : Scene Commander Emergency Response Team heads Representative of establishment Representative of Prefect and Representatives of Municipalities

52. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Command and Control (cont.)  Communication networks for : obetween scene responder groups ofrom scene responder group to headquarters, ofrom scene area to Command and Control Centres  Different radio communication frequencies for each emergency responder group on scene  Common frequency in to be used only upon agreement

53. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Public warning and information to the Public  Predefined standard messages templates for : osimple warning (no protection measures required) scene responder groups oshelter in place instructions opreparation of evacuation opublic evacuation order oschools evacuation order omedical services evacuation order oother vulnerable places evacuation order oend of accident message

54. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Public warning and information to the Public (cont.)  Example for shelter in place message From : Date/time of send : __________________________________________________ Contact phone : _______________________________________________________ The Agency _____________has declared the area close to industry __________in state of emergency. A ______________ has happened in the industry _____________. In order to avoid exposure to danger, we ask you to keep indoors and to close doors, windows, air condition equipment and fans ___________________________________________________________________________ This is addressed to all within a zone of radius of _____ m around industry _____________________, i.e. till _________________________________ Please remain indoors till further instructions are provided. Emergency responders have already been to the event location. Till now, no evacuation is required. Keep informed in radio station ________________ and in TV station ____________ for further instructions. The Agency _______________ keeps monitoring and evaluating the situation. For any news, we will inform you promptly.. The Author

55. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Public warning and information to the Public (cont.)  Additional instructions that could be provided for shelter in place : oClose all external and as many as possible internal doors oClose and lock windows oIn case of fire or explosion, close windows and shutters, stay away from window in order to avoid injuries from glass fragments oClose all air conditioners (including air nitakes –if applicable), ventilation port (as in bathrooms), fans, cook hood extractors and any heating system oSeal as mush as possible any gas or holes with for wrapping materials (plastic, aluminum foil), waxed paper, adhesive tape oClose fireplace dampers

56. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Public warning and information to the Public (cont.)  Additional instructions that could be provided for shelter in place : (cont.) oNot to use elevator (action of sucking air from building external) oPerhaps better relocation to upper or lower floors (depending on case) o In case of dispersion water soluble substances, use of wet rug for even better protection (scrubbing inhaled air)

57. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Public warning and information to the Public (cont.)  Warning and information media : oMass Media (TV, radio-essential when electric power supply is stopped in area) for general public oTelephone calls to vulnerable places within protection zones (by Prefecture or preferably by Police emergency service especially at early stage of accident). Regular update of information to vulnerable place must be foreseen. oLoudspeakers on vehicles if possible, and only as initial warning in area close to accident. oDoor to door only for very close area and taking into account emergency responders protection equipment (i.e. no heat resistant uniform for police personnel).

58. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Responders Safety  Approach to establishment oAt least 2 access routes proposed oGuidelines for approach included (for example, approach downwind/crosswind for toxics or for not- ignited LPG)  Emergency responders safety equipment oBased on type of accident (thermal radiation, toxic) and typology of personnel safety equipment of Fire Brigade

59. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Emergency Responders Safety (cont.) oZone I : excludes all responders without protection equipment, as immediate death is expected. Typically affects police and medical service personnel oZone II-III : for toxic dispersion, emergency responders should not enter without protective equipment or they should remain for limited time, as zones definition is set for exposure time of 30 min. Traffic control should be set outside Zone III

60. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Short Action List  Table with summary of actions and responsible agencies NrActionResponsible 1Early warning by establishment to Fire Brigade emergency service Establishment 2Authorities Alert 1 st level Verification of establishment alert Fire Brigade emergency service 3Identification/verification of situation at site incident at Decision of initial protection actions and information to the public in close area Scene commander …….… 25Population return and transportation routes reopening Prefecture 26Final accident reportPrefecture Civil Protection office

61. This Project is funded by the European Union Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Highly important issues Keep updated all data (maps, installation, area, authorities) oProcedure must be established so that periodic review of EEP is carried out oLand use Planning and building permits must be connected with EEP, among others for update of EEP