1. Department of Psychology  Institute for Simulation and Training University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32826 Human Factors Origins P.A. Hancock Presentation for the Class of 2007 Human Factors II EXP 6257 January 11th, 2007

2. Your task for this week is to generate two PowerPoint slides. The first should be on an historical figure in HF/E (not one on those already presented) and the second should be on a contemporary, active HF/E scientist. You must coordinate this as a GROUP since there should be no overlap or repetitions across the group. This will require cooperation. The form each slide should be very much as presented here. A good portrait of the individual and some interesting (and hopefully innovative) information about them and their career/contribution.

3. Wojieich Jastrzebowski Jastrzebowski was a multi-dimensional, multi-talented individual, whom we know in HF/E for coining the term ‘Ergonomics.’ This was taken from the title of his 1857 treatise (which is certainly worth reading and is probably cited by many and read by few). He was a scientist but also active in politics, especially in his younger years when he was part of something know as the student revolution. The actual treatise was reproduced by the Polish Ergonomics Society for the combined IEA and HFES 2000 Meeting in San Diego, California. Its is certainly before its time and contains observations on working conditions which remain relevant today.

4. Claude Shannon Claude Shannon (a native of Michigan) worked for the telecommunications industry and his primary contribution to knowledge is through his theory of information. Fundamentally a mathematical treatise about signals and noise, Shannon crucial insights (derived from interaction with earlier luminaries such as Hartley and Nyquist) provided the foundation for the information age. It is a supportable assertion that the 1949 Book (published in association with Warren Weaver) was the most important text of the 20 th Century. Shannon, C., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. The origins of the information-processing revolution in psychology were derived from Shannon’s original insights. No IP, then no fruitful interchange between psychologists and engineers and no Human Factors! Warren Weaver

5. Vannevar Bush During WW II a question was asked about whom the enemy would be most happy to destroy on the other side of the conflict. For the Germans Roosevelt came first and Vannevar Bush came second! He was certainly a far-sighted individual to whom we owe the National Science Foundation and other initiatives which set up the US as the premier post WW II power. His most famous popular work is entitled ‘As we may think.’ (You have this in your packet and should certainly read it – always remembering the date it was written – look especially at the memex). Bush saw the future of human-machine systems and helped to begin to realize that vision. He was a highly placed and powerful scientist/advisor. Our country could certainly do with his like today!

6. Norbert Wiener Norbert Wiener is one of the more interesting and colorful characters associated with progress in understanding human processing capacities. Originally a mathematician, Wiener was a prodigy getting his Ph.D from Harvard at the age of 18! It is largely due to him that MIT is the Institution that it is today. His work on Cybernetics (a term he essentially coined) is central to our understanding of human-machine systems. His later, popular books: ‘ The Human Use of Human Beings ’ and ‘ God and Golem Inc ” are very readable and are recommended. His ethnic background finds him at the very heart of understanding about machines and automata. Certainly a figure to remember and to quote from if relevant.

7. J.C.R. Licklider Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), known simply as J.C.R. or "Lick" is one of the most important figures in computer science. After early work in psycho-acoustics, he worked in information technology. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas, not inventions. He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. He foretold graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate where needed. Licklider was instrumental in conceiving, funding and managing research that led to modern personal computers and the Internet. His seminal paper Man-Computer Symbiosis foreshadowed interactive computing, and he went on to fund most notably the work of Douglas Engelbart. He played a similar role in conceiving of and funding early networking research, most notably the ARPAnet. His 1968 paper on The Computer as a Communication Device predicts the use of computer networks to support communities of common interest and collaboration without regard to location.

8. Paul M. Fitts Paul M. Fitts (of the famous Fitts’ Law) was one of the founding fathers of the science of Human Factors and applied experimental psychology. His service during and following WW II was focused on the issue of humans and systems and he worked for what was then the Army Air Force – it became the Air Force in 1947. He made many contributions including the famous Fitts and Jones paper on Pilot Error and the So- called Fitts List for human-machine function Allocation (of which we will learn more later). After the War Fitts was at Universities such as Ohio State and Michigan. He was the mentor to many famous scientists, including Dick Pew and Mike Posner (see picture attached). He was one time President of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society as well as Division 21 of APA. He died at a tragically young age [I believe aged 53 on his birthday – you need to check this]. He had been mowing the lawn prior to his graduate students coming over. He lay down in the couch and never got up. This is why I never mow lawns! The HFES Fitts Award is given for Mentorship.

9. P.A. Hancock meets with two of Paul Fitts ex-students. On the right is Professor Richard (Dick) pew and on the left is Professor Michael (Mike) Posner. The occasion was Posner’s delivery of the Arnold Small Lecture of HFES at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, in San Francisco, CA, October, 2006.

10. George A. Miller Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity. The earliest quantification of the capacity limit associated with short-term memory was the "magical number seven" introduced by George Miller (1956). He noticed that the memory span of young adults was around seven elements, called chunks, regardless whether the elements were digits, letters, words, or other units. George Miller was the founder of Wordnet, a linguistic knowledgebase that maps the way the mind stores and uses language. He also worked on a number of commercial applications based on Wordnet, most notably, Simpli. Simpli was an early Internet search and marketing engine that utilized Wordnet to "read" search queries and disambiguate them. It was also used to read webpages and derive representative keywords so that advertising could be presented. This is the underlying principle behind Google's advertising technology-- AdSense--which was derived directly from Wordnet and Simpli.

11. Alphonse Chapanis Alphonse Chapanis (1917-2002) was one of the founders of ergonomics, or human factors, the science of making design account for human characteristics. He was active in improving aviation safety around the time of World War II. One of his major contributions was shape coding, where he solved the problem of a certain airplane's controls being confused with each other, due partly to them being next to each other. One manifestation of this confusion involved controls for flaps and the landing gear; the consequences of operating the wrong one were severe. After Chapanis proposed attaching a wheel to the landing gear control and a triangle to the flaps, there were no more instances of the landing gear being raised while the plane was on the ground. Chapanis also designed the layout of number pads for telephones, a design still in use today. He also co-authored the first textbook in human factors. His autobiography is called ‘ The Chapanis Chronicles ’ and is well worth a read.

12. Alphonse Chapanis and Peter Hancock at the Chicago Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting just following the Recording of the Chapanis Video, 1998. 1998

13. Alan M. Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE (June 23, 1912 – June 7, 1954), was an English mathematician and cryptographer. Turing is considered to be the father of modern computer science. He provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, formulating the "Turing" version of the Church–Turing thesis, namely that any practical computing model has either the equivalent or a subset of the capabilities of a Turing machine. With the Turing test, he made a significant contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence. He ]worked at the National Physical Laboratory, creating one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, although it was never actually built. In 1947 he moved to the University of Manchester working largely on software, on the Manchester Mark I then emerging as one of the world's earliest true computers. During the Second World War, Turing worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's code-breaking centre, and was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised numerous techniques for breaking ciphers, including the bombe method, a machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.

14. Kenneth Craik Kenneth Craik (1914-1945) was a philosopher and psychologist who studied philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and received his doctorate from Cambridge University in 1940. He then had a fellowship to St John's College, Cambridge in 1941, and was appointed to be the first director of the Medical Research Council's Cambridge-based Applied Psychology Unit in 1944. In 1943 he wrote The Nature of Explanation. In this book he laid the foundation for the concept of mental models, that the mind forms models of reality and uses them to predict similar future events. He was one of the earliest practitioners of cognitive science. He was tragically killed at the young age of 31 in a bicycle accident, and he was succeeded by Sir Frederic Bartlett as Director of the Applied Psychology Unit. His 1947-1948 papers are still important reading.1941

15. Sir Frederic Bartlett Sir Frederic Bartlett was the scientist who coined the term schema. He studied memory at the height of behaviorism (BTW Bartlett would have spelled it ‘behaviourism’). His memory work examined the recall of meaningful material rather than nonsense syllables, so he is an early example of an early cognitive scientist conducting research with real- world tasks. You should find out how the ‘Isle of the Ghosts’ relate to Bartlett. He was Director of the Applied Psychology Unit at Cambridge from 1945-1951. This Institution has had much to do with the growth and development of AE/HF and you should look to find out more about its history and contributions.

16. Sir Donald Broadbent Shown here with an aging Sir Frederic Bartlett, Broadbent was at The heart of the ‘Cognitive’ revolution. His classic text: ‘Perception and Communication’ was one of the first applications of information theory to a model of selective attention. His later text, ‘Decision and Stress’ is a classic for stress research as well as research on human performance. He was also one-time head of the Applied Psychology Unit at Cambridge and later moved to Oxford to set up his own unit. He married Richard’ Gregory's divorced wife as indeed Kahneman did Michel Treisman’s. Fun and games in early cognitive psychology. Poulton never forgave Broadbent his success and his marriage and he used noise and vigilance to fuel the argument. It is one of the most interesting exchanges in the behavioral science.

17. Norman Mackworth Mackworth was the founder of modern vigilance research, a term he took from the neurologist, Sir Henry Head. His original experimental research was triggered by WW II concerns for radar operators looking for submarines out over the Bay of Biscay. His original monograph on the topic, republished in Sinako’s text, still represents the best introduction to the area. Mackworth was the first to formally identified the ‘vigilance decrement function’ which remains pertinent to all operations in automated and semi- automated systems today. His work on stress effects was also pivotal. He worked at the APU Cambridge for part of his career, as did many other influential scientists who have had a fundamental impact on applied human performance theory. Others include Broadbent, Poulton, Baddeley, Wilkinson, etc.

18. P.A. Hancock and Colleagues Peter Hancock is Provost Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Psychology and at the Institute for Simulation and Training at the University of Central Florida. In his previous appointment, he founded and was the Director of the Human Factors Research Laboratory at the University of Minnesota. He is a Fellow and past President of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Dr. Hancock’s work has traditionally concerned the energetic aspects of human performance capacity with an especial focus on issues of stress and cognitive workload. He was the Principal Investigator of a 5-year, $5M Multiple- University Research (MURI) initiative for the U.S. Army focusing on these issues. His theoretical work is also concerned with the phenomenon of time.

19. Joel S. Warm Joel Warm is the greatest living authority on the issue of vigilance and sustained attention. He has made significant contributions to this and other areas of psychology for over five decades. Sustained attention (vigilance) in terms of tests of theoretical models; studies of the psycho-physical, psycho- physiological, and training determinants of performance efficiency and the perceived mental workload of vigilance tasks; pattern discrimination, particularly the perception of subjective contours; psychoacoustics with emphasis on auditory adaptation and inter-sensory processes. He once had a try-out for the NY Yankees and was also in the US Army and Navy following the end of WW II. His great colleague Bill Dember recently passed away but Joel continues to be active.

20. Mark Chignell Dr. Chignell's interests lie in in the general area of human factors approaches to information technology. He is particularly interested in the areas of dynamic hypertext, mobile computing, and customized information access. The general approach adopted is to look for opportunities to add intelligence or value through appropriate (re-)design of the user interface. In dynamic hypertext, for instance, this involves adding a simple point and click hypertext interface to the search and query formulation task, along with complementary algorithms for calculating queries based on user selections. For mobile computing, it involves exploration of new forms of interface for information access using a small screen, or an auditory interface. For customized information access it involves application of user profiles to develop customized information presentations for individuals, or for groups of users. In the context of digital libraries, this work is concerned with developing effective non- traditional methods for accessing large digital information collections, using dynamic hypertext and customized information retrieval in a variety of desktop, handheld, and mobile computing settings.

21. Raja Parasuraman has long-standing research programs in two areas, human factors and cognitive neuroscience. The first concerns human performance in human-machine systems, particularly with respect to the influence of automation and computer technology on attention, memory, and vigilance. His second area of research is the cognitive neuroscience of attention, where he has conducted studies using information- processing paradigms, event-related brain potentials and functional brain imaging (PET, fMRI), both in normal populations and in relation to aging and Alzheimer’s disease. He also has a research thrust in the molecular genetics of cognition, specifically attention and working memory. Finally, he has recently combined his interests in human factors (ergonomics) and cognitive neuroscience by developing the field of neuroergonomics, which he defines as the study of brain and behavior at work. Raja Parasuraman

23. He has research interests in human- machine interaction in complex industrial systems, process control, human factors of automation, mental workload, human error, and the human factors of design. He was called as an expert witness in the Ladbroke Grove and Southall railway crash inquiries. Neville started his career at Oxford where he was a Graduate student at the time of the ‘cognitive’ revolution (a la Broadbent, Treisman et al). His first appointment was in Sheffield and since he has been at Toronto, Sitrling, Illinois, Valenciennes, Surrey, and recently retired (with his third wife – the widow of the famous Cambridge historian Rhodes-James) to the south of France. He is working on two papers with Hancock and better be working hard not painting and enjoying glasses of wine. He is the Editor of a large text on Classic Reading in HF/E. Neville Moray

24. John Flach John Flach has one of the most innovative and fecund minds in the whole of HF/E and beyond. His early students days at Ohio State (with Rich Jagacinski) taught him the value of quantitative approaches to problem solution. Added to this he has been involved in the ‘ecological’ revolution based generally on Gibson’s notions. Also, he has worked extensively with Jens Rasmussen who must class as one of the most influential HF/E thinker of the 20 th Century. This combination means that John generates unique and novel ideas – an exceptionally rare talent. We, collectively, will be putting him up for Honorary Fellow in HFES. He is presently Head of the Psych Department at Wright State University – fie on him!

25. David Woods Dave Woods (Purdue '79) is a Professor at Ohio State University in the Institute for Ergonomics and Past-President of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. From his initial work following the Three Mile Island accident in nuclear power, to studies of coordination breakdowns between people and automation in aviation accidents, to his role in today’s national debates about patient safety, he has studied how human and team cognition contributes to success and failure in complex, high risk systems. He was on the board of the National Patient Safety Foundation from its founding until 2002 and served as Associate Director of the Veterans Health Administration’s Midwest Center for Inquiry on Patient Safety (1999-2002). He is author of Behind Human Error, received the Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award from Human Factors and Ergonomic Society for advancing Cognitive Engineering and its application to safer systems, and received a Laurels Award from Aviation Week and Space Technology (1995) on the human factors of highly automated cockpits. He currently serves on a National Academy of Engineering/ Institute of Medicine Study Panel applying engineering to improve health care systems and on a National Research Council panel on research to define the future of the national air transportation system.

26. Robert ‘Bob’ Hoffman Robert ‘Bob’ Hoffman is a Senior Research Scientist at the Institute of Human and Machine Cognition in Pensacola, Florida. He specializes in the study of expertise and the design of human-centered systems. In particular, he has a wide understanding of issues associated with expert weather forecasting and has made fundamental contributions to an understanding of human decision-making processes

27. Etienne Grandjean This book covers many physiological and psychological aspects of work design, as well as environmental considerations, manual materials handling considerations, etc. This book contains many figures and illustrations to assist the reader in ergonomic and work design principles. The book may be a difficult read at times, but it does provide a great deal of useful information.

28. Richard Jagacinski Jagacinski’s research interests include perceptual-motor coordination, human- factors, aging, decision making in dynamic contexts, and human interactions with the natural environment.

29. Walter F. Grether Dr. Walter F. Grether died June 10, 1998 at age 86. With Dr. Paul M. Fitts he founded the US Army Air Force Psychology Branch at Wright Field, near Dayton, in August 1945. This later became the Paul M. Fitts Human Engineering Division. In 1949 he succeeded Dr. Fitts as the second Division Chief until 1956, when he became Director of the Behavioral Sciences Division.

30. K.F.H. Murrell The word "ergonomics" was coined in 1949 by the British scientist K.F.H. Murrell who put it together from the Greek "ergon" (meaning "work") and "nomos" (meaning "law"). To the left are some of his original notes.

31. Lee J. Cronbach During a career that spanned five decades, including 16 years at Stanford as a Professor of Education, Cronbach developed the most frequently used measure of the reliability of a psychological or educational test, known as "Cronbach`s alpha." This formula measures the reliability of a test when it is taken only once. At the time of his death, he was working on a paper commemorating the 50th anniversary of the publication of the alpha paper. The initial work on the alpha led to his developing a theory of test reliability, "Generalizability Theory," a comprehensive statistical model for identifying sources of measurement error. Cronbach also did pathbreaking work on the interpretation of test scores, including a seminal paper, "Construct Validity in Psychological Tests." He also was an early proponent of dissolving the arbitrary divisions between correlational and experimental psychology, a division that to some extent persists today

32. Student Generated Slides on Past and Current Contributors to HF/E

33. Harvey Wichman received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from California State University, Long Beach and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Claremont Graduate University. He was a member of the founding faculties of both Delta College in Michigan and California State University in San Bernardino. He is a professor Emeritus at Claremont McKenna College (CMC) and Claremont Graduate University, and was the Director of CMC’s Aerospace Psychology Laboratory. Trained in both neuroscience and social psychology, he has conducted research on the effects of working and living in severe environments. As a Sloan Foundation Fellow he worked for a year on the design of the International Space Station with Rockwell International. He is the author of the book Human Factors in the Design of Spacecraft, and has published articles in journals such as the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Space Life Sciences, Human Factors, and Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. In addition to work with NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Professor Wichman’s space research has involved designing passenger compartments for civilian space flight on re- useable rockets for both orbital and sub-orbital flights. In the field of aviation, Professor Wichman has studied passenger misbehavior aboard airliners. He holds commercial pilot multi-engine, flight instructor and instrument flight instructor ratings. Harvey Wichman..

34. Robert Helmreich is currently a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has been since 1966. He is the principal investigator of the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project. This group studies individual and team performance, human error, and the influence of culture on behavior in aviation and medicine. Helmreich received all his degrees at Yale. He is a member of the Space Life Sciences Committee for NASA’s University Space Research Association. He was an editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and a member of the Committee on Human Factors and the Committee on Space Biology and Medicine of the National Academies of Science. He received the Flight Safety Foundation Distinguished Service Award in 1994 for his contributions to aviation safety through the study and development of team training techniques (Crew Resource Management) for flight crews. He was also awarded by Aviation Week and Space Technology in 1994 and 2002 for his research related to human factors in aviation. He has written more than 200 papers, chapters, and scientific reports. He is the co-author of the book Culture at Work in Aviation and Medicine: National, Organizational, and Professional Influences, and co- author of the book Group Interaction in High Risk Environments. Robert Helmreich

35. Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick W. Taylor (1865 – 1915) is often referred as "The Father of Scientific Management." He evaluated jobs to determine the "One Best Way" they could be performed. At Bethlehem Steel, Taylor attempted to increase worker production in a shoveling task by matching the shovel with the type of material that was being moved (ashes, coal or ore). Although unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied at Bethlehem Steel and later dismissed, Taylor’s ideas were later implemented due to his followers. Four principles of Scientific Management: Scientifically justify each element of a job (task analysis) Scientifically select and train the worker (personnel selection) Ensure the job is done as prescribed Active management participation in job Taylor excelled in math and sports. At age 12, he invented a harness for himself to keep from sleeping on his back. He won the U.S. Lawn Tennis Association doubles championship where he used a patented spoon- shaped racket that he designed.

36. Donald Norman Donald Norman is cofounder of the Nielsen Norman Group, an executive consulting firm that helps companies produce human-centered products and services. He is a professor in the Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department at Northwestern University (teaching Product Design) and serves as a trustee of the Institute of Design (in Chicago). Dr. Norman believes that today’s challenges to the field of human-computer interaction include: The ever-increasing complexity of everyday things The ever-increasing burden of security, authentication, and identification The ever-increasing use of automation Dr. Norman is well known for his books “The Design of Everyday Things” and “Emotional Design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things.” He’s working on a new book titled “The Design of Future Things” which will discuss the increasing role of automation in our homes and automobiles.

37. Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram has achieved fame from his controversial study on obedience of authority. In that study he told participants that they would shock a confederate in an adjoining room every time they got a question wrong. The shock ranged from 15-450 volts in 15 volt increments. As the shocks grew more intense, the confederate would scream out for the participant to stop. The experimenter would urge the participant on, saying things like “you can’t stop” and “the experiment depends on you continuing compliance.” Milgram found that 65% of participant rendered shock levels of 450 volts. This study reveled how average human beings can be pressured to do things they wouldn’t normally do if told to by an authority figure. The Obedience study would never be authorized today because of the ethical concerns and possible psychological harm caused to the participants. However, Milgram’s work on this as well as “the small world” phenomenon has had far reaching applications in the human factors and industrial/organizational world with regard to compliance and lack of communication between superiors and subordinates as well as other areas of study.

38. James Szalma James Szalma is currently a researcher and assistant professor at the University of Central Florida. However, his academic career started with a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry at the University of Michigan in 1990. From there, he worked at Proctor and Gamble but did not find the corporate world the best fit for his research and personal interests. Therefore, he decided to pursue the field of Applied Experimental and Human Factors at the University of Cincinnati where he received a Masters and Doctorate degree. He accepted a teaching position from Farmingdale State College in New York where he helped to establish a human factors psychology program. Unfortunately, the events of September 11 th devastated the country and especially the state of New York leaving no funding for new programs. After meeting Peter Hancock, he submitted his resume to UCF and got an offer to come here as a researcher at the MURI-OPUS Lab. Soon after, he accepted a position as Assistant Professor and is currently teaching a course in the theory of motivation. His research interests include human performance centered on the cognitive and perceptually processes involved in such. Specifically, he has focused on group and individual differences and threat detection.

39. Edwin Link An engineer, pilot, and inventor, Edwin Link was a pioneer in the field of flight simulation. His Link Trainer (or “blue box”) was the first flight simulator that was actually used to train pilots when the Army Air Corps began using them in 1934. At that time, the simulator was a painted wooden fuselage, mounted on organ bellows operated by a vacuum pump, which allowed the simulator to pitch and roll. During World War II, Link began developing other simulators to train gunners and radar operators. In the early 1950’s, he began creating electronic simulators, which allowed pilots to train for many different procedures. Link Simulation and Training still makes flight simulators, although Edwin Link died in 1981. Thankfully, the simulators the company makes today are a far cry from the original “blue box,” but if it weren’t for Link’s original trainer, the entire field of simulation and training might not be what it is today.

40. Mark Scerbo Mark Scerbo is currently researching human performance with medical/surgical simulators at Old Dominion University. His most recent research involves a simulation used to train how to clean a wound before surgery (pictured below, right). Dr. Scerbo also does work with adaptive automation, particularly with attempts to decrease workload and minimize/eliminate the vigilance decrement. He also does research with human-computer interaction, and different types of virtual environments. He has also done his part to fight terrorism, promoting the importance of Human Factors in Homeland Security.

41. Eduardo Salas Eduardo Salas received his Ph.D. from Old Dominion University. Previously he was the Head of the Training Technology Development Branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division for 15 years. Eduardo currently is the trustee chair professor of psychology at the University of Central Florida and is the principal scientist for human factors at the Institute for Simulation and Training. He belongs to various societies including APA, HFES, and SIOP. He has written over 300 journal articles and book chapters and has co edited 15 books. He is on the editorial boards of several journals and has co-edited many special issues for training and decision making. Because of his numerous contributions to the field, Eduardo was the recipient of the Meritorious Civil Service Award from the Department of the Navy.

42. John C. Flanagan John C. Flanagan went to the University of Pittsburgh and was the founder of the American Institutes of Research. He was also the director of the division of aviation psychology. He developed aptitude tests for selecting pilots during World War II. John is most well known for developing the critical incident technique. This technique is used in various professions to identify factors for performance criteria and has been used in more than a thousand government, business, industrial and educational research projects, and in dissertations, professional papers. In 1982 he retired from research and died in April of 1996.

43. Marvin Minsky Co-founder of MIT’s AI Laboratory Patented the first head-mounted graphical display (1963) Turing Award winner (1969) for work on AI Co-authored Perceptions (1969), laying the foundation for research on artificial neural networks, which is still relevant today Work includes using computational ideas to characterize human psychological processes. See The Society of Mind (1988) Fun Fact: Minsky was an advisor on 2001: A Space Odyssey, almost killed on set by a falling wrench.

44. Raymond Kurzweil Principal developer of the first: –omni-font optical character recognition –print-to-speech reading machine for the blind –text-to-speech synthesizer –music synthesizer Founded 9 businesses centered around these and similar inventions including AI, medical simulation, and virtual reality Author of The Age of Spiritual Machines (2000) describing a future in which machines become more intelligent than humans, who in turn have become increasingly dependent on them. Fun Fact: Uses image and voice rendering software to perform as a 25 year old virtual rock singer named Ramona!

45. Allen Newell Born in San Francisco in 1927, Allen Newell is known for accomplishment in many domains, but most notably for his contributions to human-machine interaction and artificial intelligence. Newell majored in physics and then worked for the RAND Corporation studying logistics in the Air Face. Early in his career he realized that advancing technology could enable better artificial intelligence systems. He then began studying human thinking through computer simulation, going so far as to invent a chess computer with “goals” and “aspirations” to have a certain number of good moves. In 1961 he became a professor at Carnegie Institute of Technology. While there, he developed the General Problem Solver (GPS), a software program that given the definition of a domain, solve problems. He also contributed to the Information Processing Languages (IPLS) which quickly became the widespread development software for artificial intelligence systems. Newell received the Turing Award in 1975 with Herbert Simon for contributions to A.I. He died of cancer in 1992.

46. Marv Dainoff Marv Dainoff began his career as a “traditional” experimental psychologist, focusing on individual behavior. His primary interest is how physical and task-constraints affect human performance. In the late 1970s, a colleague suggested that the best way to study ergonomics was through a systems-based approach, changing the nature of Dainoff’s research. He is particularly interested in operator work posture and performance. He has authored articles on the ergonomics of sitting, posture and reaching, and the design of workspaces. Dainoff served as the 49th president of HFES. He is currently professor of Psychology at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he directs the Center for Ergonomic Research.

47. Dr. Kay Stanney Dr. Kay M. Stanney is a Professor and Trustee Chair with UCF’sIndustrial Engineering & Management Systems Department, where she joined in 1992. She received her PhD in Industrial Engineering from Purdue where she worked with Gavriel Salvendy. Her areas research include Human-Computer Interaction, Multimodal Communication, Human-Virtual Environment Interaction, System Usability Evaluation and Augmented Cognition. She is former Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (1999- 2005), cofounder and co-chair of the 1st International Conference on Virtual Reality (2005), co-chair of Augmented Cognition Conference ( 2006)and is also Editor of the Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). She has worked for Intel as a usability engineer and currently is President of Design Interactive, Inc. an engineering and human factors consulting firm which provides services in Usability, User-Centered Design, Training System Design and Evaluation and Next-Generation HSI Research.

48. Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832 – 1920) was a German physiologist and psychologist. Generally he is acknowledged as a founder of experimental psychology and cognitive psychology. He set up one of the first two psychological labs in the world at the University of Leipzig in 1879 and wrote multiple books including Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception and Lectures on the Mind of Humans. He stressed the use of experimental methods drawn from the natural sciences. The methods Wundt used are still used in modern psychophysical work, where reactions to systematic presentations of well-defined external stimuli are measured in some way. He and his colleagues developed very precise tools for measuring reactions times, the loudness of noise and the brilliance of colors. Many of the founding fathers of psychology studied under Wundt (Munsterberg, Cattell, Scott).

49. While trained as a cognitive psychologist, Dr. Valerie Sims has many different interest areas and currently works as a professor for the Applied Experimental and Human Factors Ph.D. program at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Sims is best known for her work in anthropomorphism, which is the human attributes that people give to non-human entities, and objects. Dr. Sims has done much research in the areas of human-computer interaction, human-animal interaction, mental rotation in video games, spatial research, and anthropomorphism. She began research into the cognitive abilities of video game players and video games before it exploded into the vast field it is today. She currently is in charge of the ACAT lab at UCF which is extremely active. Sims’ is not only a distinguished researcher, but also a well thought of professor. She has been named HFES student chapter professor of the year on more than one occasion (in 2000, and most recently in 2006), and has been given other prestigious honors including numerous Fellowships. Valerie Sims, Ph.D.

50. Ross A. McFarland, Ph.D. Dr. Ross McFarland (1901 - 1976) is known for his human factors research in aviation. He contributed to the literature through numerous articles and books. His research focused on accident prevention in not only aviation, but also motor vehicles. He was interested in pilots, the mental and physiological processes of pilots, and design to help prevent accidents. Some of his work includes the 1953 book Human Factors in Air Transportation and the 1957 book, Human Factors in Vehicular Design and Operation with Special Reference to Accidents. Other published works include research on the results of oxygen deprivation, cabin pressurization, effects of alcohol on pilots, visual fatigue, and vehicular safety. He joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1947. His work is still referenced in Human Factors texts and the related literature. In addition many of his papers are still very useful and important today. An example of one such paper is Significant Trends in Human Factors Research on Motor Vehicle Accidents in which accident rate statistics, common causes, and possible solutions are discussed. Through his research and insight many accidents may have been prevented. He demonstrated the implications of whiplash injury, and also the need of seat belts in motor vehicles.

51. Alexander C. Williams, Jr. In January of 1946, Williams began the Aviation Psychology Lab at the University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign, one of the first academic labs of its kind. Having served as a military pilot in WWII, his initial research efforts focused on foundations for aviation mission analysis and flight display and control design principles. Williams’ and his students in the lab are credited with many firsts: some of the first research in transfer of training from simulators to airplanes; development of the first simulators for air traffic control, as well as the first true, airplane-specific simulator (A North American, SNJ/T-6 Texan); and the first CRT map display, among several other research innovations. In 1955, Williams joined the Hughes Aircraft Corporation and collaborated with fellow psychologist, “Lick” Licklider and physicist Harold Hance on the invention of pulse-Doppler radar. Williams was awarded the Paul Fitts education award by HFES for his far-reaching influence in the training of many of the first engineering psychologists. He was awarded the Franklin V. Taylor award for outstanding contributions to the field by APA’s Division 21. Though he died at the young age of 48, his contributions to the field, his creativity and innovation live on in the Alexander C. Williams, Jr. Design Award given each year by HFES to recognize outstanding contributions in the design of a major operational system. Alexander “Alex” Williams’ (1914-1962) contributions to the early development of engineering psychology are not as widely known as others in the field. However, his impact on the field through his creativity and innovation, as well as the training of the first generation of engineering psychologists is undeniable. Information derived from “The Adolescence of Engineering Psychology” by Stanley Roscoe and “Alex Williams, Investigator and Inventory”, HFES Bulletin, 49(10), 2006, both retrieved online.

52. Stanley N. Roscoe His dissertation was also the first in the new field. He went to work for the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1952, one of several aircraft companies on the West coast of the U.S. that employed engineering psychologist of that time. He later returned to teach at the University of Illinois. His life-long passion for aviation and human factors has resulted in numerous publications, presentations, and awards. His research has included the areas of human visual accommodation in flight, aircraft controls and displays, particularly integrated displays, the use of simulators in aviation, and transfer of training. He was a founding member of HFES and its president in 1960-61. He has received numerous awards from HFES including the Jerome H. Ely award for best paper in the Human Factors journal (4 times), Paul M. Fitts education award, The Alexander C. Williams, Jr. Design award, and the President’s Distinguished Service Award. The Stanley Roscoe Dissertation award is given by the Aerospace Human Factors Association to honor his contributions to the field. He has developed aviation human factors companies, and is professor emeritus of the University of Illinois and the New Mexico State University. Information derived from ““The Adolescence of Engineering Psychology” by Stanley Roscoe and the 2006-07 HFES Directory & Yearbook Stan Roscoe (b. 1920) is considered the first, formally trained, doctoral level engineering psychologist. He was a pilot in WWII, and graduated in 1950 from Alex Williams’ program in Aviation Psychology at the University of Illinois.

53. Guess Who? Can you name this famous human factors researcher? Hint: Research areas include information processing and aviation human factors. He is one of many from the University of Illinois. Christopher Wickens, 1981