1. Divided between Lower (North) Middle upper Egypt (South) Map of Ancient Egypt

2. EGYPTIAN ART Predynastic: c. 4000-2700 BCE Old Kingdom: c. 2700-2200 BCE Middle Kingdom: c. 2040-1674 BCE New Kingdom: c. 1500-1070 BCE

3. Predynastic: c. 4000-2700 BCE Corresponds to late Neolithic period. people survived on Nile Agriculture allowed Egyptians to utilize Nile to fullest potential Divided into multiple kingdoms –Kings increased power with claims of divinity

5. People, Boats, and Animals3,200 BCE Hierakonpolis Predynastic Period

6. Hymn to the Nile Hail to thee, O Nile! Who manifests thyself over this land, and comes to give life to Egypt! Mysterious is thy issuing forth from the darkness, on this day whereon it is celebrated! Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away. Then He torments the flocks of Egypt, and great and small are in agony. But all is changed for mankind when He comes; He is endowed with the qualities of Nun. If He shines, the earth is joyous, every stomach is full of rejoicing, every spine is happy, every jaw-bone crushes (its food). Where misery existed, joy manifests itself; all beasts rejoice. The children of Sobek, the sons of Neith, the cycle of the gods which dwells in him, are prosperous. No more reservoirs for watering the fields! He makes mankind valiant, enriching some, bestowing his love on others. None commands at the same time as himself. He creates the offerings without the aid of Neith, making mankind for himself with multiform care. Read the text. Explain the significance of the Nile in both real and spiritual terms using examples from both the text and art piece below.

7. People, Boats, and Animals Early stage in development of funerary customs and of Egyptian art. The human and animal figures tend to become standardized, abbreviated “signs” almost as if they were almost hieroglyphs.

8. Early Dynastic period 3100 BCE Upper Lower Egypt unified by Menes (possibly Narmer)

9. Palette of Narmer c. 3150-2920 BCE Hierakonpolis, early dynastic, Dynasty 1, mudstone

10. Palette of King Narmer Ceremonial slate celebrating Upper Egypt’s victory over Lower Egypt. Visual symbols convey specific meaning Establishes style for portraying important figures -Composite View: Profile views of head, legs, and arms, with front views of his eye and torso -Hierarchical Scale: Important figures larger Registers: Divided into horizontal bands

11. Palette of Narmer (Left) Narmer wears white crown of Upper Egypt Falcon is Horus, local god of Upper Egypt Papyrus symbolizes Lower Egypt Narmer not wearing sandals = sacred ground

12. Palette of Narmer (Right) Narmer wearing red cobra crown of Lower Egypt Great bull symbolizes strength of Narmer Elongated necks form circular depression to hold eye makeup

13. Identify/interpret the iconography

14. Upper Egypt Dynasty Old, Middle, & New Kingdoms Delta Papyrus Hieroglyphs Rosetta Stone Hieroglyphic writing Canon of proportions Ka Sarcophagus Necropolis Mastaba Pylon Hypostyle Colonnade Clerestory Obelisk Pharaoh Scribe Ra Horus Aten Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) Monotheism Polytheism CH 3

15. Representation of the Human Figure in Egyptian Art Developed a Canon of Proportions – based on a grid with each square based on the size of the fist. Used a groundline instead of a realistic portrayal of ground.

16. Basics of Egyptian Art Pharaoh is supreme ruler and a god Much of art is centered around the afterlife –Utilitarian rather than purely aesthetic –Artisans work toward common goal  to ensure immortality for their rulers and families –Art like hieroglyphics functions as language for communicating with one another and the gods –Artists were craftsmen who were meant to do the same thing every time!

18. Here is the system they seem to have followed: A standing figure should occupy 18 squares from soles to hairline. The knee line should be at 1/3 height, in the 6th square up. The lower buttock line should be at 1/2 height, in the 9th square up. The elbow line should be at 2/3 height, in the 12th square. Neck-and-shoulders should be in the 16th square. The calf line, between the knee and sole, should be in the 3rd square. The nose and lip should be separated by line 17. Line 14 should go through the nipple. Line 11 should go through the small of the back, for a male figure. For a female figure, line 12. The length of a hanging forearm was usually 5 squares from elbow to outstretched finger tips. One vertical line ran through the ear, dividing the figure in two. Male figures measured 5 squares across at the shoulder at line 15, 4 across (usually) at the armpits, and 2 1/2 or less across at line 11 (the small of the back). Female figures also measured 5 squares across at the shoulders at line 15, but 3 across (usually) at the armpits, and 2 across at the small of the back at line 12.

19. YOU HAVE 15 minutes to work on your Egyptian figures. Get out CH3 study guides and vocabulary

20. Old Kingdom c. 2700-2200 BCE Unified Egyptian civilization Climate change – Egypt became warmer! Kings and officials became wealthy and commissioned portraits, sculptures, and decorated tombs Colossal sculptures and funerary buildings were constructed by those made homeless from the flooding of the Nile.

21. Mastaba: Square mound- shaped tomb Veneer: faced with brick or stone Burial chamber deep underground  linked by shaft Serdab: sealed room to house the Ka or life force Sarcophagus: stone coffin housed the body Often grouped together in a Necropolis: city of the dead Old Kingdom funerary Architecture

22. IMHOTEP First artist whose name has been recorded in history Royal builder for King Djoser Served as pharaoh’s chancellor and high priest of the sun god Re Born a commoner, but deified during New Kingdom NOT a mummy who comes back to life and tries to kill a bunch of people

23. STEP PYRAMID OF KING DJOSER Saqqara, Dynasty III, c. 2681-2662 BCE Imhotep

24. Transverse section of Step Pyramid

26. FUNERARY DISTRICT OF KING DJOSER Saqqara, c. 2681-2662 BCE

27. Plan of Mortuary Precinct of Djoser.

28. ENGAGED COLUMNS WITH PAPYRUS CAPITALS Mortuary Complex of Djoser Columns - Cylindrical, upright architectural support Engaged Columns – Columns set into the wall - NOT free-standing Fluting – shallow grooves running the length of a column Capitals – the top of a column

29. Detail, ENGAGED COLUMN W/ PAPYRUS BLOSSOM CAPITAL

30. COLONNADED PROCESSIONAL HALL Mortuary Complex of King Djoser Hypostyle: Heavily colonnaded hall fluting

31. FlutedPalm LeafLotus Bud Papyrus Blossom Papyrus Bud

32. Mastaba to Pyramid Was it simple architectural evolution? Or is there something more???

33. Horus-Pharaoh connection – Horus, the sky god is believed to be the Pharaoh by Egyptians. Horus-Ra connection – Horus the god of the sky became connected with Ra the sun god It was believed that the Benben rose out of the primordial waters when the first rays of sunlight struck it. The Benben became associated with Ra and eventually Horus and therefore a symbol of the Pharaoh. The Benben is ….

34. NORTHERN PYRAMID OF SNEFERU Dahshur DYNASTY IV, 2680-2565 BCE

35. PYRAMIDS AT GIZA PYRAMIDS AT GIZA Dynasty IV, c. 2570-2544 BCE

36. The Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is one of the largest single buildings ever constructed. The Greeks saw it as one of the 7 wonders of the world. Originally 479 ft in height, it still stands at an awe-inspiring 449 ft. Most of its height loss is due to the stripping of its original smooth limestone casing.

37. Giza Necropolis Pyramid of Khufu - (aka the Great pyramid) is the oldest and largest Pyramid Of Khafre – connected to the Sphinx, 2 nd largest Pyramid of Menkaure – 3 rd of the Giza Necropolis

38. Khufu Khafre Menkaure

39. Cross Section of Khufu’s Pyramid

40. Great Sphinx with Khafre’s Pyramid

41. THE GREAT SPHINX Giza, c. 2570-2544 BCE

42. Old Kingdom Statuary Housed Ka if body was destroyed Used hard permanent stone

43. Khafre (Chefren), Giza, c. 2500 BCE Diorite Rigid frontality

44. Menkaure (Mycerinus) and His Wife, Queen Khamerernebty Giza, c. 2515 BCE Slate

45. Warm-Up Compare and contrast the two statues

46. Prince Rahotep and His Wife Nofret c. 2580 BCE Painted Limestone

47. Seated Scribe, from his mastaba at Saqqara. c. 2450-2350 BCE

48. Ka-Aper, from his mastaba at Saqqara. c. 2450-2350 BCE Wood

49. Paintings and Relief Used on papyrus but also decorating tombs and temples Carved or drawn and always painted (much painting is lost)

51. Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. c. 2510-2460 BCE

52. Middle Kingdom Art 2040-1674 BCE  11 th & 12 th Dynasties Power of deified pharaoh declines Age marked by more pessimistic attitude toward life and death Art reflects unrest of the time  more expressive & more realistic Loosening of established rules

53. Portrait of Sesostris III c. 1850 BCE Middle Kingdom

54. Feeding the Oryxes. c. 1928-1895 BCE Middle Kingdom

55. New Kingdom Art c. 1500-1070 BCE  18 th – 20 th Dynasties Country united again Divine kingship asserted in new way: by association w/ god Amun  fused w/ sun god Ra  now supreme deity New threat to royal power  priestly caste of Amun

57. Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Architect: Senenmut c. 1478-1458 BCE

58. Warm-Up 9/10/08 Identify, compare and contrast the Old Kingdom tomb versus the New Kingdom tomb.

59. Statues of Hatshepsut

60. Senmut with Princess Nefrua. c.1470-1460 BCE Block statues extremely popular during New Kingdom

61. Temple of Luxor (aka Karnak). Pylon with statues of Ramses II and Obelisk. c.1279- 1212 BCE

62. Plan of the Temple of Amun

63. Aerial View of Luxor/Karnak Hypostyle: Heavily colonnaded hall

68. AKHENATEN (Amenhotep IV) AMARNA: Period or style of art under Akhenaten Akhenaten tries to unify Egypt under monotheistic religion  Single god, the sun disk Aten Innovative art  new sense of form Mobile, curves, relaxed

69. Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) c. 1348-1336/5 BCE New Kingdom- Amarna Style

70. Akhenaton c. 1353-1335 BCE Amarna Style Sandstone

71. Queen Nefertiti c. 1348-1336/5 BCE New Kingdom- Amarna Style

72. Tiye c. 1353-1335 BCE Amarna Wood, gold, silver, lapis lazuli

73. The Daughters of Akhenaten c. 1360 BCE New Kingdom- Amarna AKA: Scary Alien Baby Heads

74. Innermost Coffin and Funerary Mask of Tutankhamen. c. 1327 BCE New Kingdom Tutankhamen