1. Chapter 7 Public Opinion

2. Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHO GOVERNS? WHO GOVERNS? 1.How does public opinion in America today vary by race, gender, and other differences? 2.What is political ideology, and how does it affect political behavior and influence public policy? TO WHAT ENDS? TO WHAT ENDS? 1.What role did the Framers of the Constitution think public opinion should play in American democracy? 2.When, if ever, should public policies mirror majority opinion?

3. Public Opinion and Democracy The Framers of the Constitution created a government to achieve certain goals: The Framers of the Constitution created a government to achieve certain goals: “to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessing of Liberty.” – Preamble to the Constitution – Preamble to the Constitution Copyright © 2011 Cengage

4. What is Public Opinion? How Polling Works How Polling Works PollPoll Random sampleRandom sample Sampling errorSampling error Exit pollsExit polls Copyright © 2011 Cengage American politics is intensely local, as when Rep. Loretta Sanchez shakes hands with a voter in her California district. p. 156 Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit

5. How Opinions Differ How Opinions Differ Opinion saliencyOpinion saliency Opinion stabilityOpinion stability Opinion-policyOpinion-policy congruence congruence Copyright © 2011 Cengage What is Public Opinion? Clinton winning over Obama and Edwards in New Hampshire when the polls said otherwise, p. 158 Jim Cole/AP Photo

6. Political Socialization Political socialization – process by which background traits influence one’s political views Political socialization – process by which background traits influence one’s political views Genes and the Family Genes and the Family Religion Religion The Gender Gap The Gender Gap Copyright © 2011 Cengage Children grow up learning, but not always following, their parents’ political beliefs. p. 159 Bob Daemmirch/The Image Works

7. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Institute of Politics, The 15th Biannual Youth Survey on Politics and Public Service, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, October 2008. Source: Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Survey: More Americans Question Religion’s Role in Politics, August 21, 2008, sections 3 and 4.

8. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, Gen Dems: The Party’s Advantage Among Young Voters Widens, April 28, 2008.

9. Figure 7.1 Gender Gaps on Issue Importance (2006) Copyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Ms. magazine/WDN Poll, Lake Research Partners, surveying 1,000 randomly selected likely voters November 6–7, 2006.

10. Cleavages in Public Opinion Social Class Social Class Race and Ethnicity Race and Ethnicity Region Region Copyright © 2011 Cengage Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa speaks to supporters. p. 164 Lester Cohen/WireImage.com/Getty Images

11. Political Ideology Political ideology - A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue. Political ideology - A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue. Mass Ideologies: A Typology Mass Ideologies: A Typology Liberal and Conservative Elites Liberal and Conservative Elites Copyright © 2011 Cengage

12. Source: Adapted from “Profiles of the Typology Groups: Beyond Red and Blue,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2005.

13. Political Elites, Public Opinion, and Public Policy Political elites – persons with a disproportionate share of political power. Political elites – persons with a disproportionate share of political power. Elites raise and frame political issues. Elites raise and frame political issues. Elites state the norms by which issues should be settled. Elites state the norms by which issues should be settled. Copyright © 2011 Cengage

14. Political Elites, Public Opinion, and Public Policy HOW MUCH INFLUENCE DO ELITES HAVE ON THE FOLLOWING? Racism Racism Sexism Sexism Economic problems Economic problems Crime Crime Drugs Drugs Foreign affairs Foreign affairs Copyright © 2011 Cengage

15. M E M O R A N D U M To: Cecilia Kennedy, U.S. Representative From: Ronald Edwards, legislative assistant Subject: Vote on comprehensive immigration reform The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) sought to stem illegal immigration by imposing penalties on employers who hire them, while permitting the estimated 3 million illegal immigrants at the time to attain legal status. Since then, however, the number of illegal immigrants in the United States has quadrupled, while law enforcement efforts to punish employers or deport those immigrants have been minimal. Your district is not directly affected by immigration, but voters have concerns both about maintaining law and order, and providing economic opportunities for people who have resided in this country for many years. Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

16. Arguments for: 1. Your district contains a large proportion of first-generation Americans, who favor a “path to citizenship” for immigrants who have lived in this country for years, regardless of their legal status. 2. Illegal immigrants often take menial jobs that nobody else wants, and contribute to the U.S. economy by paying taxes and buying goods and services. 3. A “path to citizenship,” with fines and other penalties for being in the country illegally, is the most realistic option for individuals who have family and other long-term ties in the United States. Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

17. Arguments against: 1. Your party leaders oppose comprehensive immigration reform, saying that enhanced border security must be a higher priority. 2. Illegal immigrants take jobs away from native-born Americans and cost more in public services, such as education and emergency health care, than they contribute to the economy. 3. People who entered the country illegally must not be rewarded for breaking the law, and enforcement can be effective with sufficient resources. Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

18. Your decision: Vote for bill? Vote against bill? Copyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?