1. 2: Application Layer1 Chapter 2 Application Layer These slides derived from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 6 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, March 2012.

2. 2: Application Layer2

3. 3 Chapter 2: Application layer r 2.1 Principles of network applications r 2.2 Web and HTTP r 2.3 FTP r 2.4 Electronic Mail  SMTP, POP3, IMAP r 2.5 DNS r 2.6 P2P applications r 2.7 Socket programming with UDP r 2.8 Socket programming with TCP

4. 2: Application Layer4 Chapter 2: Application Layer Our goals: r conceptual, implementation aspects of network application protocols  transport-layer service models  client-server paradigm  peer-to-peer paradigm r learn about protocols by examining popular application-level protocols  HTTP  FTP  SMTP / POP3 / IMAP  DNS r programming network applications  socket API

5. 2: Application Layer5 Some network apps r e-mail r web r instant messaging r remote login r P2P file sharing r multi-user network games r streaming stored video clips r social networks r voice over IP r real-time video conferencing r grid computing

6. 2: Application Layer6 Creating a network app write programs that  run on (different) end systems  communicate over network  e.g., web server software communicates with browser software No need to write software for network-core devices  Network-core devices do not run user applications  applications on end systems allows for rapid app development, propagation application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical

7. 2: Application Layer7 Chapter 2: Application layer r 2.1 Principles of network applications r 2.2 Web and HTTP r 2.3 FTP r 2.4 Electronic Mail  SMTP, POP3, IMAP r 2.5 DNS r 2.6 P2P applications r 2.7 Socket programming with UDP r 2.8 Socket programming with TCP

8. 2: Application Layer8 Application architectures r Client-server  Including data centers / cloud computing r Peer-to-peer (P2P) r Hybrid of client-server and P2P

9. 2: Application Layer9 Client-server architecture server:  always-on host  permanent IP address  server farms for scaling clients:  communicate with server  may be intermittently connected  may have dynamic IP addresses  do not communicate directly with each other client/server

10. Google Data Centers r Estimated cost of data center: $600M r Google spent $2.4B in 2007 on new data centers r Each data center uses 50-100 megawatts of power r Google has 30 to 50 data centers around the world  each center has thousands of servers

11. 2: Application Layer11 Pure P2P architecture r no always-on server r arbitrary end systems directly communicate r peers request service from other peers, provide service in return to other peers  self scalability – new peers bring new service capacity, as well as new service demands r peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses  complex management peer-peer Highly scalable but difficult to manage

12. 2: Application Layer12 Hybrid of client-server and P2P Skype  voice-over-IP P2P application  centralized server: finding address of remote party:  client-client connection: direct (not through server) Instant messaging  chatting between two users is P2P  centralized service: client presence detection/location user registers its IP address with central server when it comes online user contacts central server to find IP addresses of buddies

13. 2: Application Layer13 Processes communicating Process: program running within a host. r within same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS). r processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages Client process: process that initiates communication Server process: process that waits to be contacted r Note: applications with P2P architectures have client processes & server processes

14. 2: Application Layer14 Sockets r process sends/receives messages to/from its socket r socket analogous to door  sending process shoves message out door  sending process relies on transport infrastructure on other side of door which brings message to socket at receiving process process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server process TCP with buffers, variables socket host or server Internet controlled by OS controlled by app developer r API: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix a few parameters (lots more on this later)

15. 2: Application Layer15 Addressing processes r to receive messages, process must have identifier r host device has unique 32-bit IP address  Exercise: use ipconfig from command prompt to get your IP address (Windows) r Q: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice for identifying the process?  A: No, many processes can be running on same r Identifier includes both IP address and port numbers associated with process on host. r Example port numbers:  HTTP server: 80  Mail server: 25 r to send HTTP message to gaia.cs.umass.edu web server:  IP address: 128.119.245.12  port number: 80 r more shortly…

16. 2: Application Layer16 App-layer protocol defines r Types of messages exchanged,  e.g., request, response r Message syntax:  what fields in messages & how fields are delineated r Message semantics  meaning of information in fields r Rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages Public-domain protocols: r defined in RFCs r allows for interoperability r e.g., HTTP, SMTP, BitTorrent Proprietary protocols: r e.g., Skype, ppstream

17. 2: Application Layer17 What transport service does an app need? Data integrity r some apps (e.g., audio) can tolerate some loss r other apps (e.g., file transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer Timing r some apps (e.g., Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective” Throughput r some apps (e.g., multimedia) require minimum amount of throughput to be “effective” r other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever throughput they get Security r Encryption, data integrity, …

18. 2: Application Layer18 Transport service requirements of common apps Application file transfer e-mail Web documents real-time audio/video stored audio/video interactive games instant messaging Data loss no loss loss-tolerant no loss Throughput elastic audio: 5kbps-1Mbps video:10kbps-5Mbps same as above few kbps up elastic Time Sensitive no yes, 100’s msec yes, few secs yes, 100’s msec yes and no

19. 2: Application Layer19 Internet transport protocols services TCP service: r connection-oriented: setup required between client and server processes r reliable transport between sending and receiving process r flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver r congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded r does not provide: timing, minimum throughput guarantees, security UDP service: r unreliable data transfer between sending and receiving process r does not provide: connection setup, reliability, flow control, congestion control, timing, throughput guarantee, or security Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP?

20. 2: Application Layer20 Internet apps: application, transport protocols Application e-mail remote terminal access Web file transfer streaming multimedia Internet telephony Application layer protocol SMTP [RFC 2821] Telnet [RFC 854] HTTP [RFC 2616] FTP [RFC 959] HTTP (eg Youtube), RTP [RFC 1889] SIP, RTP, proprietary (e.g., Skype) Underlying transport protocol TCP TCP or UDP typically UDP

21. Securing TCP TCP & UDP  no encryption  cleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet in cleartext SSL  provides encrypted TCP connection  data integrity  end-point authentication SSL is at app layer r Apps use SSL libraries, which “talk” to TCP SSL socket API  cleartext passwds sent into socket traverse Internet encrypted  See Chapter 7 Application Layer 2- 21