1. TCP/IP Internetworking

2. Lesson 1: The Internet Infrastructure

3. Objectives  Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance  Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability  Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network  Explain the Internet’s evolution

4. Objectives (cont’d)  Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet  Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF  Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell  Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

5. Networking Issues  Traditional networking  Internetworking  Internet versus intranet versus extranet

6. TCP/IP and Interoperability  TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another  TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another

7. Internetworking and the Corporate Network  Cross-platform  Vendor-neutral

8. Evolution of the Internet  ARPANET  Test and research networks  Decentralization

9. Internet-Related Authorities  Internet Society (ISOC)  Internet Architecture Board (IAB)  Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)  Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)  Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)  Internet Research Group (IRSG)

10. OSI Reference Model

11. Packets  Cyclical Redundancy Check  Packet creation - Adding headers - Removing headers

12. Application, Transport and Network Protocols  Application-layer protocols  Transport-layer protocols  Network-layer protocols

13. Routable and Nonroutable Protocols  TCP/IP  IPX/SPX  NetBEUI  AppleTalk  Data Link Control (DLC)

14. Multiprotocol Networks  Combine routable and nonroutable protocols

15. Summary Define the term internetwork and explain the concept’s importance Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network Explain the Internet’s evolution

16. Summary (cont’d) Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and Novell Identify key networking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks

17. Lesson 2: TCP/IP Architecture

18. Objectives  Describe the Internet architecture model  Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP  Describe various Internet protocols  Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation  Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet

19. TCP/IP Issues  Vendor-neutral  Used more widely than anticipated  Powers the Internet

20. Internet Architecture

21. Requests for Comments (RFCs)  Protocol states  Internet Standards (STDs)  Reference RFCs

22. Internet Protocols

23. De-multiplexing

24. Specialized Serial Interface Protocols  PPP - RFC 1661, STD 51  Multilink PPP - RFC 1990  SLIP - RFC 1055, STD 47

25. Summary Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Locate RFCs and download them from the Internet

26. Lesson 3: Internet Addressing

27. Objectives  Describe IP addressing  Define IP address classes  Determine reserved IP addressing  Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design  Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses  Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

28. Internet Addressing  Internet addresses are divided into the following parts - Network - Host  Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses - field1.field2.field3.field4

29. IP Address Fields  Contain eight bits per field  Range from 0 to 255 decimal field1. field2.field3.field4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255 1 = On 0 = Off

30. Internet Address Classes  Class A  Class B  Class C  Class D  Class E

31. IP Addressing Rules  Broadcast addresses  Network addresses  Special-case source addresses  Loopback address  Reserved IP Addressing

32. Reserved IP Addressing  10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255  172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255  192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

33. Subnetworks  Performance  Manageability  Logical groups

34. Subnet Masks  Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address  Specify whether a destination address is local or remote

35. Custom Subnet Masks  Steps for determining custom subnet masks - Determine the number of subnets needed - Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion - Determine the subnet mask

36. Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d)  Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d) - Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork - Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet - Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork

37. Classless Interdomain Routing  Technique to conserve IP addresses  Also called supernetting

38. Summary Describe IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet

39. Lesson 4: Network Access Layer

40. Objectives  Identify the IEEE LAN standards  Install and test protocol analyzer software  Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components  Identify fields in the ARP header

41. Objectives (cont’d)  Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses  Explain the function of RARP  Define FDDI and its function

42. IEEE Standards and Ethernet  Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems

43. Ethernet Function  Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

44. Determining Ethernet Addresses  Linux  Windows NT  Windows 95/98

45. Ethernet Headers

46. Address Resolution Protocol

47. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol  Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network

48. Summary Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components Identify fields in the ARP header

49. Summary (cont’d) Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP Define FDDI and its function

50. Lesson 5: Internet Layer

51. Objectives  Describe the functions of the Internet layer  Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer  Identify the IP header fields and their purpose  Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

52. IP and Routing  IP - Connectionless - Not necessarily reliable  Routing - One of the most important IP functions - Determines the path that packets travel across networks

53. IP Header  Version  Header length  Service  Datagram length  Datagram ID number  Flags  Fragment offset  Time To Live  Protocol  Header checksum  Source address  Destination address  Options

54. Summary Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components

55. Lesson 6: Transport Layer

56. Objectives  Define the functions of the transport layer  Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose  Explain the TCP negotiation process  Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

57. Objectives (cont’d)  Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose  Decode and analyze UDP headers  Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well- known and registered port numbers

58. Transport Layer Protocols  TCP  UDP

59. Transmission Control Protocol  Provides a byte-stream service - Connection-oriented - Reliable

60. TCP Header  Source port  Destination port  Sequence number  Acknowledgment number  Header length  Reserved  Flags  Window  Checksum  Urgent pointer  Option type  Option length  Maximum segment size

61. TCP Negotiation Process  SYN  FIN  ACK

62. Establishing a TCP Connection

63. Terminating a TCP Connection

64. User Datagram Protocol  Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer  Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability

65. TCP and UDP Ports  Port assignments in the Internet domain

66. Summary Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination

67. Summary (cont’d) Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including well- known and registered port numbers

68. Lesson 7: Domain Name System

69. Objectives  Define and configure hosts files  Explain the DNS and its evolution  Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

70. Objectives (cont’d)  Identify DNS records and list the record types  Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT  Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS

71. DNS  DNS consists of three levels - Root - Top - Second ROOT Second TOP Second

72. DNS Components  Name server  Name resolver

73. DNS Server Types  Root server  Master server  Primary server  Secondary server  Caching and caching-only server  Forwarding server  Slave server

74. DNS Records  Internet (IN)  Name Server (NS)  Start of Authority (SOA)  Address (A)  Canonical Name (CNAME)  Mail Exchanger (MX)  Pointer (PTR)

75. UNIX and DNS  named.ca  named.local  domain_name.hosts  rev.domain_name.hosts  named.boot (BIND version 4)  resolv.conf (BIND version 8)

76. Windows NT and DNS  DNS component of NT runs as a fully functional DNS server

77. Summary Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems

78. Summary (cont’d) Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client on UNIX or Windows NT Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows NT and DNS

79. Lesson 8: Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts

80. Objectives  Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client  Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client  Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP  Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation  Install and configure a DHCP server and client

81. BOOTstrap Protocol  Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters  Created as an alternative to RARP

82. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks  Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled)

83. DHCP Initialization Process Discover Offer Request Acknowledgment

84. Summary Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client

85. TCP/IP Internetworking The Internet Infrastructure TCP/IP Architecture Internet Addressing Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Domain Name System Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts