1. The Stormy Sixties 1960 - 1968

2. John F. Kennedy Youngest cabinet Robert “Bobby” Kennedy as Attorney General  Reform the FBI: focus more on organized crime & civil rights violations instead of all on internal security Sec of Defense – Robert S. McNamara “New Frontier” – domestic policy Peace Corps – bring American skills to underdeveloped countries

3. The New Frontier at Home Proposed medical assistance for the aged and increased federal aid to education Remained stalled in Congress Helped negotiate a noninflationary wage agreement with the steel industry in 1962 Steel industries increased prices then backed down General tax-cut to stimulate the economy Project to land on the moon 1969 – Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin & Neil Armstrong

4. 1969 moon landing On July 20, 1969, American astronauts Neil A. Armstrong (shown above) and Edwin E. (Buzz) Aldrin, Jr., plant an American flag on the moon, thus fulfilling President John F. Kennedy's pledge to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. (NASA) 1969 moon landing Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Rumblings in Europe JFK met Khrushchev in June 1961 in Vienna Soviets threatened to make a treaty with East Germany & cut off Western access to Berlin Soviets backed down but began to construct the Berlin Wall in Aug 1961 Expansion of European-American trade Trade Expansion Act in 1962 – cut tariffs by 50%  Promote trade with Common Market countries (Kennedy Round) Charles de Gaulle of France started developing his own atomic force

6. Foreign Flare-ups African Congo Received its independence from Belgium in 1960 then exploded into violence UN sent in a peace keeping force financed mainly by the US Laos Freed from France in 1954, then civil war began JFK imposed a shaky peace in 1962 “Flexible Response” – McNamara Developing an array of military options that could be matched to the crisis Replaced Dulles’s massive retaliation policy Developed the Special Forces (Green Berets)  An elite antiguerrilla outfit trained to survive under harsh conditions

7. Vietnam Diem gov’t in Saigon had ruled shakily since the split of Vietnam in 1954 Anti-Diem group headed by Viet Cong threatened to topple the pro-American gov’t 1961 – JFK ordered an increase in the number of “military advisors” in South Vietnam Encouraged a successful coup against Diem in Nov 1963

8. Bong Son, Vietnam, 1966 A Vietnamese mother and her children, framed by the legs of a soldier in the U.S. First Cavalry Division. (Wide World/AP Photo/Henri Huet) Bong Son, Vietnam, 1966 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Cuban Confrontations 1961 – Alliance of Progress Extended the hand of friendship with Latin America // Marshall Plan for Latin America CIA planned to overthrow Fidel Castro Invade Cuba with anticommunist exiles & they would trigger an uprising April 17, 1961 – Exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs  No match for Castro’s air force  Exiles were forced to surrender Castro was pushed further towards the USSR

10. Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 – U-2 spy plane discovered that the Soviets were installing nuclear tipped missiles in Cuba October 22 – JFK ordered a naval “quarantine” of Cuba & demanded immediate removal of the weapons Warned USSR that an attack on the US would lead to an attack on the USSR Soviet ships approached the patrol line October 28 – Khrushchev agreed to a partially compromise & agreed to remove the missiles US agreed not to invade Cuba & would remove US missiles in Turkey aimed at the USSR

11. Catch up with the Russians US expanded the military JFK pushed for a nuclear test-ban treaty with the USSR Pact prohibiting trial nuclear explosions was signed in 1963 Aug 1963 – Moscow-Washington “hot line” was installed JFK tried to lay the foundations for a realistic policy of peaceful coexistence Origins of the “dètente” policy (French for relaxation)

12. Struggle for Civil Rights JFK had pledged to eliminate racial discrimination in housing during his campaign Took him 2 years He did not want to isolate Southerners in Congress Freedom Riders – 1960 Goal was to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers May 1961 - white mob torched a bus in Alabama Attorney General Bobby Kennedy’s personal representative was beaten unconscious Federal marshals were sent to protect the Freedom Riders

13. Dogs turned on Birmingham demonstrators The ferocious attempts by local authorities in Birmingham, Alabama, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, to repel nonviolent black protesters using fire hoses (capable of 100 pounds of water pressure per square inch), electrically charged cattle prods, and police dogs were shown nightly on television. Tactics such as these made white supremacy an object of revulsion throughout most of the country and forced the Kennedy administration to intervene to end the crisis. (Wide World) Dogs turned on Birmingham demonstrators Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. JFK & Civil Rights JFK became weary of King’s associates  (Afraid that they had communist associations) Robert Kennedy ordered the FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, to wiretap King’s phone in 1963 Voter Education Project launched to register black voters in the South Oct 1962 - James Meredith registered at the University of Miss with the help of 400 federal marshals & 3000 troops TV viewers watched peaceful marchers attacked June 11, 1960 – On TV, JFK called for civil rights legislation

15. More Civil Rights March on Washington King & 200,000 demonstrators sowed support for JFK’s civil rights legislation  “I Have a Dream Speech” June 11, 1963 – Medgar Evers was killed Sept 1963 – explosion at a Baptist church in Birmingham killed 4 young girls JFK died before passing his civil rights bill

16. The Killing of Kennedy Nov 22, 1963 – JFK was assassinated in Dallas Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested then shot Jack Ruby assassinated Oswald Chief Justice Warren conducted an investigation  The Warren Commission Lyndon B. Johnson became president Followed most of JFK’s policies JFK known more for his ideals than his accomplishments

17. JFK assassination As Jacqueline Kennedy reacts to her husband being fatally shot in the head, their open-air limousine races to nearby Parkland Hospital. The president died less than an hour later. CBS television news anchor Walter Cronkite cried as he told the nation the news. (National Archives) JFK assassination Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18. LBJ as President Legislative wheeler & dealer More successful in Congress Honor JFK by supporting his Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Act of 1964  Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public – theaters, hospitals, restaurants  Strengthened federal gov’t to end segregation in schools & other public places  Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)  Title VII passed with the sexual clause Issued an executive order requiring affirmative action (federal jobs)

19. President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act, 1964 Surrounded by an illustrious group of civil rights leaders and members of Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Standing behind the president is Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (Corbis-Bettmann) President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act, 1964 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. LBJ treatment Not content unless he could wholly dominate friend as well as foe, Lyndon Johnson used his body as well as his voice to bend others to his will and gain his objectives. (Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library) LBJ treatment Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

23. LBJ’s Domestic Policies LBJ was successful in passing JFK’s tax bill with added proposals for his “War on Poverty” Concerned about Appalachia “Great Society” Set of New Dealish economic & welfare measures aimed at transforming American life Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962)  20% of population in poverty  40% of blacks in poverty

24. Johnson v. Goldwater Election of 1964 Democrat – Johnson Republican – Barry Goldwater Attacked federal income tax, Social Security, TVA, civil rights, nuclear test-ban treaty, & the “Great Society” Johnson won easily

25. Tonkin Gulf Episode Aug 1964 – US Navy ships had been helping South Vietnam in raids along the coast of North Vietnam 2 US ships were allegedly fired upon on Aug 2 & 4 (Later reports believe NV fired in self defense on 2 nd & nothing happened on the 4 th ) Johnson deemed this an unprovoked attack Ordered an air raid against North Vietnamese bases Convinced Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution  Gave the president a blank check in dealing with Southeast Asia

26. The Great Society Congress War on Poverty Doubled the appropriations of the Office of Economic Opportunity Granted money to Appalachia 2 new cabinet offices  Department of Transportation  Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) First black cabinet member – Robert C. Weaver Creation of the National Endowment for the Arts & Humanities

27. LBJ’s Great Society Big Four Aid to education  Project Head Start Medical care for the elderly & indigent  Medicare – elderly - 1965  Medicaid – poor 1965 Immigration reform  Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965 – abolished the quota system “family unification” provisions New voting rights bill

28. Black Revolution Explodes Struggle 24 th Amendment (1964) abolished poll tax in federal elections Freedom Summer of 1964  3 were killed in Mississippi // FBI arrested 21 1965 – King resumed voter registration in Selma, Alabama  Attacked with tear gas & whips Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed literacy tests & sent federal voter registrars into several southern states

31. Black Power Watts Riot in Los Angeles (1965) Blacks were enraged by police brutality burned & looted their own neighborhoods Began militant confrontation Malcolm X – Nation of Islam Black separatism Stokely Carmichael – leader of SNCC Black Power Emphasized African American distinctiveness April 4, 1968 – King was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis

32. Combating Communism Dominicans rose in revolt in April 1965 American troops were sent to restore order Johnson was widely condemned Vietnam continues Viet Cong attacked American air base at Pleiku, South Vietnam in Feb 1965 Johnson ordered retaliatory bombings & land attacks March 1965 – Operation Rolling Thunder  Regular full-scale bombing attacks against North Vietnam

33. Vietnam Johnson planned “step-by-step” escalation of American forces This would drive the enemy to defeat Not successful South Vietnamese were becoming spectators in their war Domino theory Began in the 1950s by Eisenhower Idea that if one nation in Asia fell to communism then others would follow

34. Vietnam Vexations Several nations expelled Peace Corps volunteers because of American involvement in Vietnam de Gaulle ordered NATO off French soil in 1966 Soviet Union expanded their influence in the Mediterranean area, especially in Egypt Six-Day War June 1967 – Israel defeated Egyptians Israel gained new territories including Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank of the Jordan River, including Jerusalem

35. Anti-War Demonstrations Began on a small scale in 1965 on college campuses Gradually expanded into much larger protest Draft dodgers went to Canada & others burned this draft cards Marchers filled the streets of New York, San Francisco, other major cities Opposition in Congress Senator William Fulbright head of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Televised hearings in 1966 & 1967 “Credibility gap” between government & the people

36. "Girls say yes to boys who say no," 1968 Those opposing the war in Vietnam not only demonstrated against the war but also encouraged young men to resist the draft. Here, singer and activist Joan Baez (left) and her sisters suggest one "benefit" those who say "no" to the draft might expect. (National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) "Girls say yes to boys who say no," 1968 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

37. Johnson Responds Announced “bombing halts” in 1966 & 1967 Used by both sides to funnel more troops into South Vietnam 1967 – LBJ ordered the CIA to spy on antiwar activists FBI was instructed to sabotage peace groups

39. Tet Offensive Jan 1968 Viet Cong attacked 27 key South Vietnamese cities including Saigon, simultaneously Military defeat for Viet Cong but it was a political victory American military leaders responded with a request for 200,000 more troops  Request rejected

40. Campaign of 1968 Democrats Eugene McCarthy – antiwar college students as campaign workers Robert F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson  Announced on March 31, 1968 that he would apply the brakes to Vietnam  Freeze American troop levels & shift more responsibility to South Vietnam  Also declared that he would not seek reelection

41. Violence at Democratic Convention Photographs and televised pictures of the Chicago police beating and gassing antiwar protesters and innocent bystanders at the Democratic convention in 1968 linked Democrats in the public mind with violence and mayhem. The scenes made Republican Richard Nixon a reassuring presence to those he would term "the silent majority." ((c) Bettmann/Corbis) Violence at Democratic Convention Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

42. Presidential Election of 1968 Hubert H. Humphrey – replaced Johnson June 5, 1968 – Robert Kennedy was assassinated Because of his pro-Israel views Democratic Convention – Aug 1968 Riot broke out Republicans – Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew – running mate American Independent Party – George C. Wallace Nixon won - Minority president who owed his election to divisions over the war & protests

43. Lyndon Johnson Accomplished a lot for civil rights Compassion for the poor, blacks, & the ill educated Crucified by Vietnam

44. Cultural Upheaval in the 1960s Negative attitude against authority Change in traditional morals & values Loss of patriotism Free Speech Movement – Berkeley in 1964 Mind-Bending drugs such as LSD very popular Hippies Sexual revolution – birth control Dr. Alfred Kinsey – wrote books on adultery & premarital sex Flower Children & Flower Power

45. Hippies in their garden of grass "Grass opened up a new space for middle class white kids," wrote chronicler of the drug culture Jay Stevens, "an inner space as well as outer space. It became a ritual-- sitting around with your friends, passing a joint from person to person, listening to music, eating, talking, joking, maybe making out--all the senses heightened." (John and Leni Sinclair Collection, Bentley Historical Library,University of Michigan) Hippies in their garden of grass Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

46. 3 Ps of the 1960s Population – youthful bulge Protest against racism & the Vietnam War Prosperity