2. Understanding Biosafety
The concept of biosafety encompasses a range of measures, policies and procedures for minimizing potential risks that biotechnology may pose to the environment and human health. Establishing credible and effective safeguards for GMOs is critical for maximizing the benefits of biotechnology while minimizing its risks.

3. Unit Objectives
Explain the scope and intention of the Cartagena Protocol
Distinguish between the categories of Living Modified Organisms ( LMOs)
Discuss the trans-boundary Movements of LMOs
Illustrate the Advance informed agreement (AIA) procedure
Refer to the Biodiversity Clearing House
Determine the role of Customs and border control in implementing the CBD Protocol

4. Unit Outline Introduction Scope and Intention of Cartagena Protocol
Categories of LMOs
Transboundary Movement of LMOs
Advance Informed Agreement ( AIA)
Role of Customs & Border Control
Conclusion

5. Scope of the Cartagena Protocol
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international treaty that seeks to protect biological diversity from the risks posed by living modified organisms (LMOs), also often referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are a product of modern biotechnology. The Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

6. Purpose of the Biosafety Protocol
Contribute to ensuring the safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation & sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health
* In accordance with the precautionary approach
* Focuses specifically on trans-boundary movements

7. Status of Protocol
On 29 January 2000, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted a supplementary agreement to the Convention known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003, ninety days after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification. Currently 163 parties to the Protocol

8. Status of Ratification in the Caribbean
Parties to the Protocol from the region:
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago

9. Definition of LMO
A living modified organism (LMO) is any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Also frequently referred to as genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

10. Categories of LMOs
LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment (e.g. seeds, live fish) LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing (e.g. agricultural commodities – corn, canola, cotton) LMOs for contained use (e.g. bacteria for laboratory scientific experiment)

11. Categories of LMOs
These different categories of LMOs under the Protocol have different requirements for their handling, transport, packaging and identification.
Article 18 of the Protocol (& related COP- MOP decisions) set out those requirements.

12. Transboundary Movement Procedures
The Biosafety Protocol regulates the trans- boundary movement of living modified organisms by establishing procedures for the export and import of these organisms and maintaining an information exchange mechanism known as the Biosafety Clearing-House.

13. Transboundary Movement of LMOs
Transboundary movements of LMOs intended for intentional introduction into the environment of the Party of import are subject to the advance informed agreement (AIA) procedure, which applies before the first intentional trans-boundary movement of the LMO in question. Step 1 – Notification by Exporter Step 2 – Acknowledgement of receipt of notification by Importer Step 3 – Decision Making

14. Transboundary Movement of LMOs-FFP
Transboundary movements of LMOs-FFP are subject to the following two-step procedure:
Step 1: Informing the Biosafety Clearing-House about the final decision on domestic use.
Step 2: Decision making by a potential importing Party.
A Party may take a decision on the import of an LMO-FFP under its domestic regulatory framework.

15. Precautionary Approach
The Protocol reflects a fundamental concept known as the Precautionary Approach which means that a government may decide not to permit a particular GMO to be imported across its borders. This is the case even if there is insufficient scientific evidence about the GMO’s potential adverse effects. Concerns could include the risk that imports of genetically engineered foods may replace traditional crops, undermine local cultures and traditions or reduce the value of biodiversity to indigenous communities.

16. Precautionary Approach
Objective: Safe transfer, handling and use of LMOs
Handling, transport, packaging, identification:
- Documentation for shipments
- Standards
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
- Information sharing
- Awareness & participation
Rules & procedures
Decision making
Competent National Authorities + Advisors
Society (public + private entities)
Customs + Competent National Authorities

17. National / Regional Measures
The Ministry of Agriculture would be the government agencies mainly concerned with the importation of animals, plants and the products derived there from. Some Caribbean States have not yet enacted legislation specifically to deal with imports or exports of LMOs /GMOs however they fall under the general requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture. Customs must receive either a Phyto-santitary certificate or other permit before releasing such consignments

18. Case Study Biosafety Issues for Belize
Read the document provided and discuss in small groups with the aim of identifying some of the challenges to be overcome in the absence of specific legislation to deal with the import of LMOs /GMOs in some member states of CARICOM/ CARIFORUM

19. The Role of Customs Officials
In implementing the Biosafety Protocol customs officials are required to:
Ensure LMO imports have prior approval (decisions)
Ensure LMO shipments are accompanied with proper documentation
Verify that contents of shipments match accompanying documentation
Detect illegal LMO imports
Take appropriate measures

20. The Role of Customs Officials
These information requirements can be provided in different types of documentation such as:
A commercial invoice;
A document required or utilized by existing documentation systems; or
Other documentation as required by domestic regulatory/administrative frameworks

21. The Role of Customs Officials
When a shipment of LMOs arrives at a port of entry, the role of customs is to:
1. Verify if shipment has proper import approvals & if there are any conditions on its import
This information can be obtained from Competent National Authority & BCH
2. Verify that documentation is complete
3. Ensure that contents of shipment correspond to information in accompanying documentation
Follow national procedures on sampling & detection

22. The Role of Customs Officials
When a shipment of LMOs arrives at a port of entry, the role of customs is to (cont.):
4 a. Admit shipment to country if import of LMO has been approved & documentation is complete OR
4 b. Follow domestic rules and procedures for refusing import if import of LMO has not been approved and/or documentation is incomplete  

23. The Role of Customs Officials
Other general responsibilities:
Regular communication with the Competent National Authority regarding LMOs arriving at the ports of entry
Forwarding LMO import documents to relevant national authorities
Detecting and alerting relevant authorities about possible illegal imports and unintentional trans- boundary movements of LMOs

24. Summary
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety recognizes the potential of biotechnology if developed and used with adequate safety measures
Protocol is intended to ensure safety of LMOs, not to prohibit their trade
Customs officials have a central role to play in implementation of the Protocol
Domestic regulations are key
It is important to obtain relevant information and keep abreast with new developments (see information sources below)

25. Contacts for Further Information
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
413 Saint-Jacques Street, suite 800
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H2Y 1N9
Tel.: +1 (514)
Fax: +1 (514)
Protocol website:
Biosafety Clearing-House: bch.cbd.int
CNAs: bch.cbd.int/contacts/authorities.shtml
NFPs: bch.cbd.int/contacts/focalpoints.shtml

26. Unit Conclusion
• Clarify any questions • Review Unit Objectives • Link to next Unit on Montreal Protocol