1. Welcome it is a great day to learn about the Brain

2. What does the Brain do? Rally Robin with your shoulder partner EVERYTHING your brain does

3. We are going to start small and go big

4. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System

5. Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement Brings information to the brain from the senses

6. Neuron The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell Neurons perform three basic tasks ◦ Receive information ◦ Carry the information ◦ Pass the information on to the next neuron

7. Types of Neurons SensoryMotor Interneuron's

8. Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Sensory Neurons INPUT From sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord Drawing shows a somatic neuron

9. Motor Neurons OUTPUT From the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron

10. Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Interneuron's Interneurons carry information between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal cord

11. The Basic Parts of a Neuron

12. What are the primary parts of a typical neuron? Nervous system Neurons Dendrites Soma Axon Terminal branches of Axon Myelin Sheath

13. The Basic Parts of a Neuron

14. Parts of the Neuron

15. A. Dendrites ◦ Thin, branching fibers lined with receptors at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons.

16. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites

17. B. Cell Body/Soma ◦ Contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain life

18. Parts of the Neuron - Soma

19. C. Axon ◦ Carries the message across the neuron

20. Parts of the Neuron - Axon

21. D. Myelin Sheath ◦ An insulating, fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural transmissions. Axons that are myelinated appear white. Known as “white matter.”

22. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath

23. E. Axon Terminal Buttons ◦ The branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters

24. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

25. Time to Move Locate the person furthest from you Go to that person Introduce yourself

26. Stand up, hand up, pair up wait

27. Neuron

28. Neuron

29. Neural Transmission

31. Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse

32. Action Potential A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron. A neural impulse Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

33. Refractory Period The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

34. Resting Potential The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential The neuron is set and ready to fire

38. Neuron firing like a Toilet 1. Like a Neuron, a toilet has an action potential. When you flush, an “impulse” is sent down the sewer pipe

39. Neuron firing like a Toilet 2. Like a neuron, a toilet has a refractory period. There is a short delay after flushing when the toilet cannot be flushed again because the tank is being refilled

40. Neuron firing like a Toilet 3. Like a Neuron, a toilet has a resting potential. The toilet is “charged” when there is water in the tank and it is capable of being flushed again 4. Like a Neuron, a toilet operates on the all-or-none principle – it always flushes with the same intensity, no matter how much force you apply to the handle

41. All-or-None Principle The principle that if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity All action potentials are of the same strength. A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

42. Communication Between Neurons Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

43. Synapse ◦ The space between the terminal buttons on one neuron and dendrites of the next neuron

45. Neurotransmitters ◦ Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. Neurotransmitters fit into receptor sites on the dendrites of neurons like a key fits into a lock.

46. Neurotransmitters

47. Neurotransmitters A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not

52. Excitatory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is more likely to fire.

53. Inhibitory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is less likely to fire.

54. Neurotransmitters

55. Acetylcholine (Ach) Found in neuromuscular junctions Involved in muscle movements Involved in learning and memory Involved in REM sleep

56. Disruption of Acetylcholine Functioning Nerve gases and Black Widow spider venom — too much ACh leads to severe muscle spasms and possible death Cigarettes — nicotine works on ACh receptors ◦ can artificially stimulate skeletal muscles, leading to slight trembling movements

57. Acetylcholine - Alzheimer’s Disease Deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language skills Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons

58. Dopamine Involved in movement, attention, and learning Reward and motivation – drugs can impair this greatly 

60. Dopamine - problems Dopamine imbalance also involved in schizophrenia Loss of dopamine-producing neurons is cause of Parkinson’s disease

61. Parkinson’s Disease Results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra Symptoms include ◦ difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements ◦ tremors at rest ◦ stooped posture ◦ rigidity ◦ poor balance

62. Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal Emotional states

63. Serotonin Problems Involved in depression ◦ Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect

64. Endorphins Natural opiates that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise Positive emotions

65. Norepinephrine Physical Arousal “Fight or flight” response Works with the sympathetic nervous system Learning memory

66. Norepinephrine Problems: depression and stress

67. GABA Muscular movement; inhibition of brain activity

68. GABA PROBLEMS: Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia Anxiety disorders

69. GABA Huntington’s disease involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA ◦ Symptoms:  jerky involuntary movements  mental deterioration

70. Epinephrine Adrenaline Burst of Energy (small amounts in brain) Works with the endocrine system to ensure lasting energy from threats

71. Epinephrine problems Can lead to chronic stress syndrome

72. Glutamate Involved in memory

73. Glutamate Oversupply can over stimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures

74. Drugs and Chemical Interactions with Neural Transmission

75. Prozac blocking the re-uptake of Serotonin

76. Neural Communication: The Neural Chain Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

77. Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

78. Sensory Nerves Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

79. Interneuron's Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output

80. Motor Nerves Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

81. A Neural Chain

86. Most information travels from the body, up the spinal cord, is processed by the brain, sent back down the spinal cord, and then back to the body with behavior instructions. The exception to this general pathway is reflexes.

87. Reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord without any conscious effort on behalf of the brain. Reflexes serve as primitive responses that protect our bodies from danger and help us adjust to our surroundings.

88. Reflex We cough, for example, when an irritant enters our windpipe and we need to expel it through our mouth. We sneeze when we need to clear our nasal air passages of irritants and allergens. We blink when danger threatens the sensitive tissues of the eye and when we need to moisten and clean the cornea. (This reflex occurs 900 times an hour!) We yawn when nerves in the brain stem find there's too much carbon dioxide in the blood.

89. Reflex Spinal Cord