1. Radiation and Its Uses Pg. 886-889

2. Effects of Radiation Radioactive elements are potentially hazardous, but the effects are quite subtle The effects of exposure to radiation may not be apparent for years!

3. Effects of Radiation Radiation damage can be classified in two groups: Somatic Damage: damage to the organism itself, resulting in sickness or death Will appear immediately if a massive dose of radiation is received Takes years to appear if smaller doses are received, usually in the form of cancer Genetic Damage: damage to the genetic machinery of the reproductive cells Creates problems that are seen in the offspring of the organism

4. Effects of Radiation Factors that affect the biological effects of radiation: Energy of the radiation The higher the energy of the radiation, the more damage it can cause The penetrating ability of the radiation

5. Effects of Radiation Factors that affect the biological effects of radiation: 1. The ionizing ability of radiation Gamma can penetrate deeply, but only causes occasional ionization Alpha cannot penetrate as well as gamma, but is very effective in causing ionization, which causes major damage 2. The chemical properties of the radiation source How long it stays in the body determines how much damage can be done Example: Both Kr-85 and Sr-90 decay by beta emission Kr-85 is a noble gas and is chemically inert, so it will pass through the body quicker than Sr-90

6. Let’s figure out how much radiation you are exposed to annually Information you will need: We are 580ft above sea level (Salt Lake City, Utah is 4300ft above sea level) Nearest nuclear power plants: Joliet (64 miles away) Rockford (75miles away) Nearest Coal-fired power plant Waukegan (18miles away)

7. Effects of Short-Term Exposures to Radiation Rem indicates the danger the radiation poses for humans. Dose (rem) 0-25 25-50 100-200 500 Clinical Effect Nondetectable Temporary decrease in white blood cell counts Strong decrease in white blood cell counts Death of half the exposed population w/in 30 days

8. Uses of Radiation 1.Smoke detectors 2.Neutron Activation 3.Radioactive tracers 4.Cancer Treatment

9. Why is my smoke detector radioactive? No smoke Smoke present

10. Using Radiation Neutron Activation: Sample of interest is hit with neutrons from a radioactive source Causes some atoms to become radioactive Half-life and type of radiation emitted is measured by a computer Each atom has specific characteristics Can determine elements in original sample Used for: Detection of art forgeries Gunpowder residue analysis

11. RCOH O HOR'+ RCO O R' + HOH H + Ways to use Radioactive tracers : #1. Learning reaction pathways

12. Ways to use Radioactive tracers : #2. Reading DNA

13. Ways to use Radioactive tracers : #3. Material Flow

14. PET and brain activity. normal Alzheimer’s asymmetric scan indicates disease normal Ways to use Radioactive tracers : #4. Medical Diagnosis Other examples: Technetium-99m used to detect brain tumors and liver problems Phosphorus-32 used to detect skin cancer Patient drinks a sample with a small amount of radioactive iodine – 131 Thyroid uses iodine to make thyroxine After two hours, uptake of iodine is measured by scanning with a radiation detector

15. Using Radiation to Help Us Cancer Treatment Beams of gamma radiation are targeted at the growing tumor Can kill healthy cells along with cancerous cells However, healthy cells resist treatment more than cancer cells Cancerous cells in the middle of the tumor may be immune to the gamma radiation Common isotopes used: Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137

16. Using Radiation Cancer Treatment continued: Salts of radioisotopes can also be used Sealed in gold tubes Implanted into the tumor Emit beta and gamma radiation Sealed container prevents them from traveling throughout the body

17. Proton Therapy: http://www.proton-therapy.org/index.html http://www.niu.edu/protontherapy/index.shtml