1. 1 Hair, Fibers and Paint CHE 113 Forensic Science Copyright 2004-2006, James T. Spencer

2. 2 Hair Characteristics Fiber Characteristics Regenerated Fibers Paint Chips- color & layer Automobile finishes Hair, Fibers and Paint

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4. 4 Hair is Class Evidence Appendage of the skin the grows from a follicle. Resistant to chemical decomposition and long term structural stability. Can often determine body area where the hair originated and sex of owner. Can often determine racial origin Negroid kinky with dense uneven pigment flat to oval in shape Caucasoid straight or wavy, fairly evenly distributed pigment, oval to round shape

5. 5 Hair can NOT be individualized through its trace elemental composition. To combat this PCR is used (DNA). Must have a collection of reference standards to increase degree of probability. Significant error rates associated with microscopic comparisons, DNA must be confirmed. When comparing hair - color, length, and diameter important. Hair is best identified by examining the medulla & cuticle. Bad Good

6. 6 Hair Morphology Main Hair Parts: Cuticle Cortex Medulla Sebaceous (oil) gland Follicle Hair Shaft Erector Muscle

7. 7 Hair Morphology

8. 8 Scales always point to the tip. Scale pattern identifies species.

9. 9 Morphology of Hair Cuticle - scales on exterior of hair shaft (keratinized). Cortex - main body of shaft, contains pigment granules, shape. Medulla - either absent or ca. 1/3 the diameter of the shaft (continuous, interrupted, segmented or absent). Other animals have different properties - Cuticle and Medulla are best used to distinguish if the sample is human or animal.

10. 10 Hair Structures Medulla vary from person to person AND even among hairs from one person. Three main Medulla types: continuous, interrupted and fragmented. Growth Phases: –Anagen - initial phase where hair actively grows. –Catagen - transition between active and loss stage - slowed growth. –Telogen - final phase resulting in hair loss.

11. 11 Hair Growth Anagen - up to 6 years (or as short as 3 mo. for eyelashes or arms). Length of anagen determine max. hair length. Have about 100,000 head hairs. Catagen - usually up to several weeks. Telogen - up to 6 months. Animals that shed sychronize the telogen phases. Hair grows fairly uniformly at 0.5 mm/day (ca. 6 in./year).

12. 12 Records are Interesting? Anagen period about 10 to 12 years!

13. 13 Hair growth Differences in hair length depend on the length of anagen, which is genetically determined. These two people started off with hair of the same length and went without a haircut for 18 months: the man's hair grows only to his collar before it falls out naturally, but the woman's anagen period is clearly much longer [reproduced from Diseases of the Hair and Scalp, A. Rook and R. Dawber (eds), 2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981]

14. 14 Metabolic Effects (Left) This boy has a zinc deficiency, and his hair is very thin and sparse; (right) after treatment his hair is growing more strongly.

15. 15 Hair Coloring 75% of adult females say they color their hair (7% in 1950). Most popular current color is red. Permanent coloring requires chemicals to reach into the cortex (through the cuticle). There they react with the cuticle, changing the color and becoming too large to be washed from the hair. Nasty chemicals involved (ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, etc). Damaged by “Perming”

16. 16 Hair Colors - green? Natural Green comes from copper in hair. Can come from Cl in pools or Cu water pipes.

17. 17 Hair “Perms”

18. 18 Hair Split Ends Severly Damaged Hair - The continuing destruction of the cortex of a hair: the long parallel bundles of keratin have been exposed and can be seen clearly.

19. 19 Hair

20. 20 Hair - Racial Identification Grooved (African)

21. 21 Knotting, associated with African hair A healthy hair, its cuticle intact, taken from a newborn baby Damaged cuticle, due to backcombing heavily sprayed hair A hair shattered after severe perm damage

22. 22 Hair - Species Identification Muskrat Deer

23. 23 Hair - Species Identification

24. 24 Hair - Sex Identification Stained sex chromatin in the nuclei of human cells showing the female-indicative Barr body (bright spot, left) and the male-indicative Y body (bright spot, right)

25. 25 Hair

26. 26 Hair

27. 27 Hair A micrograph of a hair shaft. Note the layered cuticle on the shaft and the bulb at the bottom

28. 28 Forensic Hair Analysis In 1936 the wife of an NBC executive was killed in their Manhattan brownstone. She had been strangled with her pajama top and left in the bathroom. Indications were that she had known her killer, and when there appeared to be few clues except some twine used to bind her, a chemist was brought in to examine the crime scene.

29. In the bedroom he found only one strand, half an inch long, of stiff white hair, which he soon identified through a microscope as horsehair. Since two furniture movers had delivered a horsehair couch that morning and it was those men who reported the body, the detective in charge speculated that one of them had paid an earlier call. He identified the likely culprit and then found a connection via the piece of twine, because it had sufficiently distinctive markings to be traced to a manufacturer and distributor. It turned out that the same twine had been sold to the furniture store. Using this evidence to put pressure on the suspect, the detective got the confession he needed for conviction. 29

30. Wayne Williams Atlanta child murders case video of investigation 30

31. 31 Forensic Fiber Analysis From 1979 to 1981, more than 25 black males had been strangled, bludgeoned or asphyxiated but all potential leads turned into dead ends. The only real clue was the presence on several of the bodies of fiber threads. A few also had strands of dog hair. Fibers isolated were two distinct types: a violet-colored acetate fiber and a coarse yellow-green nylon fiber with the type of tri-lobed (three branch) qualities associated with carpets. Stakeout of river dumping ground paid off when the stakeout patrol heard a loud splash. They stopped a white Chevrolet station wagon driven by Wayne Williams. The police searched Wayne Williams' home and ca, and found floors of Williams' home were covered with yellow- green carpeting, and he also had a dog. Comparisons from the samples removed from the victims showed good consistency with Williams' carpet.

32. 32 Characteristics of Fibers Characteristics –Color, diameter, birefringence, shape, presence or absence of delustering particles (usually titanium dioxide) Rayon –is classified as regenerated fiber (derived from natural material-cellulose) –First man-made fiber 1911 “poly” means many “mer” means unit

33. 33 Polymers Natural Polymers –Biopolymers; Proteins, Polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and others (Spider’s web, wool, etc...) –Others: Asbestos, Graphite, etc... Synthetic Polymers –Organic Polymers Synthesized from organic monomers

34. 34 Biopolymers Polymer - large, high molecular weight molecule formed by joining together a large number of molecules of low molecular weight. Proteins - formed from amino acids Carbohydrates - polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones Nucleic Acids - complex high molecular weight biopolymres (i.s., DNA)

35. 35 Polysaccharides - from lab Starch -  -glucoside linkages Cellulose -  -glucoside linkages

36. 36 Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Polymer (i.e., DNA) Phosphate Sugar Base Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Base Base Polymer

37. 37 Spider’s Web Spider silk is an extremely strong material and is on a weight basis stronger than steel. It is believed that a pencil thick strand of silk could stop a Boeing 747 in flight. Silk is a 50% polymerized protein with a molecular weight of 200,000 - 300,000 produced by the silk glands in the form of a liquid with a molecular weight of 30,000. The silk polymerizes before it is released from the spinnerets. The primary constituents of spider’s silk are the two simplest amino acids, glycine and alanine.

38. 38 Spider’s Silk The material is elastic and only breaks at between 2 - 4 times its length. In the pictures, a strand of a social spider (stegodyphus sarasinorum) is shown at normal size, stretched 5 and 20 times its original length.

39. 39 Spider’s Web The elasticity of spider silk is similar to nylon. Amazingly, the dragline thread of the garden spider (Araneus) would have to be 80km long before it would snap under its own weight! With respect to elasticity, the spider’s dragline can be stretched by 31% without breaking, whereas nylon will only stretch by 16%. DuPont's advertisement in the Scientific American of July 1996 describes their work on the biopolymer structures of the spider webs. By using recombinant DNA technology, they have managed to produce analogs of silk in yeast and bacteria and are planning to use this synthesized material for construction and other purposes.

40. 40 Spiders Silk Composed of disordered portions (like cooked spaghetti) which give flexibility and ordered units (like rods) to give strength.

41. 41 Synthetic Polymers Plastic - “Capable of being molded”. Polymer - large, high molecular weight molecule formed by joining together a large number of molecules of low molecular weight. First Synthetic Plastic - 1870 - answer to contest to make artificial (non-ivory) billiard balls. Plastics - Now they fit needs that NO other materials can fit.....from artificial skin to high strength composites.

42. 42 Synthetic Polymers: The Start Wallace Carothers invented nylon and neoprene in a single creative burst in the early 1930's. The inventor led us into the synthetic age, bringing synthetic rubber and fiber to DuPont and the world. But Carothers was a troubled man which led to his inevitable fate - - suicide at the age of 41 - by a powerful combination of depression and alcoholism. A biography of Carothers (Enough for One Lifetime) tells his story against the backdrop of the Depression.

43. 43 Synthetic Polymers Discovery Channel Special Program on Polymers

44. 44 Polymers Since 1935 there has been a 500X increase in plastic production 1985 1935 Billions of lbs

45. 45 Plastics: Properties Plastics have an ENORMOUS range of properties - from soft and opaque to very hard and transparent. The features which account for these range of properties are; –length of chain –3D arrangement of chains –branching of chain –composition of monomer units –bonding BETWEEN chains –Orientation of monomer units WITHIN chain

46. 46 Polymers Five Monomers make up most of the synthetic polymers Ethylene Vinyl Chloride Styrene Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic Acid Propylene

47. 47 Polyethylene The Most Common Plastic/Polymer (10 million tons in US annually) Ethylene Catalyst n = number of repeat units typical values range from 10,000 to 100,000 units

48. 48 Polyethylene High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) - straight chain polymer - chains “pack” together tightly like a crystal - high density, high strength, high mp Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - branched chain polymer - side groups impede “packing” of the chains - low density, low strength, low mp HDPE LDPE

49. 49 Condensation Polymers Addn’l Reactive Site Polyethylene terephthalate Terephthalic Acid Ethylene glycol Ester

50. 50 Condensation Polymers Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) Know These Two! PEN is Stronger because the two rings resist bending

51. 51 Nylon 6-10 Organic Polymer n

52. 52 Other Polymers Carbon Allotropes –Diamond –Graphite –Fullerene

53. 53 Carbon Polymers

54. 54 Feedstock for Plastics Monomeric units for plastic synthesis come from oil. Gasoline 47% Percent 50% 0% Diesel/Home Heating 20% Other 10% Jets 10% Boilers 7% Roads 3% Plastics 3% Oil Consumption

55. 55 Plastics in Garbage Paper 34% Percent50%0% Plastics 20% Other 18% Metal 12% Yard 10% Food 3% Glass 2%

56. 56 Fibers Cotton WoolLinen NylonSilk Rayon

57. 57 Fibers

58. 58 Cloth from Fibers

59. 59 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Turin Home of the Shroud of Turin

60. 60 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis

61. 61 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis

62. 62 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis A Forensic Nightmare?

63. 63 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis http://www.shroudstory.com/ http://biblia.com/jesusart/turin.htm The weave of the Shroud of Turin is rich and gold colored under high magnification of a microscope. http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_2.htm

64. 64 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis

65. 65 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis Blood or Paint?

66. 66 Shroud of Turin - Fiber Analysis Pollen Analysis

67. 67 Sudarium of Oviedo One of the relics held by the cathedral in the town of Oviedo, in the north of Spain, is a piece of cloth measuring approximately 84 x 53 cm. There is no image on this cloth. Only stains are visible to the naked eye, although more is visible under the microscope. The remarkable thing about this cloth is that both tradition and scientific studies claim that the cloth was used to cover and clean the face of Jesus after the crucifixion.

68. 68 Leonardo

69. 69 Camera Obscura

70. 70 Camera Obscura

71. 71 Camera Obscura

72. 72 Wayne Williams Was identified as the key suspect in the Atlanta Child Murders that occurred between 1979 and 1981. In January 1982, he was found guilty of the murder of two adult men. After his conviction, the Atlanta police declared an additional 22 of the 29 child murders solved. Hairs and fibers on one of the victims' bodies were found consistent with those from Williams' home, car, and dog.

73. 73 Paint Colloidal Suspension 3 parts (water-based used emulsions): –a pigment - particles of a colored compound –a medium - suspends the pigment particles and fixes them to the surface –a volatile diluent liquid - allows control over the consistency of the paint Paint colors - selective absorbance of portions of the visible spectrum by chemical compound - act as filter, subtracting out portions of the visible spectrum leaving only parts of the spectrum. – pigments - compound that is suspended in a medium that is bound to a surface. –dye -binds to the surface itself. [paints have both pigments and media while cloth might be dyed with a compound that binds itself to the surface of the fibers]

74. 74 Paint

75. 75 Paint Two Filters In Sequence?

76. 76 Paint Pigments and Dyes –traditional pigments are derived from finely ground minerals or inorganic compounds. Most dyes came from organic sources such as berries and insect bodies. Many colored synthetic organic and inorganic compounds are now available. –Upon Drying - solvent and/or binder transforms into a crosslinked solid by oxydation in air (Oil paints). Other binders crosslink by radical polymerisation mechanisms (e.g. UV curing) or isocyanate reacting with hydroxyl groups to form urethane. Paint films that are crosslinked cannot be dissolved

77. 77 Paint Digital video micrograph of a binary array of polystyrene microspheres in the rock salt structure

78. 78 Paint chips- individualized to a single source by examining color and layer structure Pyrolysis gas chromatography- compares the polymeric make-up of paint binders Automobile finishes- contain an electrocoat, primers, colorcoat and clearcoat

79. 79 Automobile finishes- contain an electrocoat, primers, colorcoat and clearcoat. Layers determined by microscopy and spectroscopy.

80. 80 Paint Analysis www.lincoln.ac.uk/fabs/archives/Odontology/TheLncshrAxeMurd.htm Lincolnshire, UK - 1991-1993, two murders by axe. Imprint of axe found on sofa and pillows. Axe found in local pond and paint analysis by ICP-AES. Matches paint at crime scene. Axe shape matches patterns found on sofa.

81. 81 Paint Analysis The hand axe found by teenage boys out rowing on the lake in Boultham Park, Lincolnshire, pictured before the paint was scraped off. (Linconshire Police) The cushion with blood stains of the axe head at A and B. (Linconshire Police) www.lincoln.ac.uk/fabs/archives/Odontology/TheLncshrAxeMurd.htm

82. 82 Proper collection and preservation of paint evidence from an automobile suspected of being involved in hit-and-run incident. Paint that is foreign to the suspect automobile is observed on the hood. 1. Scrape the foreign paint as well as all underlying layers of paint off the car’s surface using a clean knife or scalpel. The scraping must clearly show the layer structure of the paint. 2. Obtain a control paint sample from an adjacent undamaged area of the car. Again, all layers must be included. 3. Package each paint specimen separately in a proper container. A druggist fold or a vial makes an excellent container. 4. Label all specimen containers. Evidence collector’s name or initials, the date, and the sampling location are to be shown. All items collected are to be described in the evidence collector’s field notes.