1. SPECIES INTERACTIONS EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY ECOLOGY OF DOMESTICATION

2. MutualismCommensalismPredation, etc. CommensalismNeutralismAmensalism Predation Parasitism Herbivory AmensalismCompetition Effect of species 1 on species 2 + 0 - + 0 - Effect of species 2 on species 1 Interspecific interactions EXPLOITATION (one species derives a benefit at a cost to another) MUTUALISM (benefiting both species) COMPETITION (cost to both species) Many interactions involve COEVOLUTION

3. Interspecific interactions Predation – morphological counterstrategies Exploitative -- Predation Predation – physiological counterstrategies Predation – behavioral counterstrategies

4. Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative Mammal-plant interactions Herbivory – evolution of grazing Plant chemical defenses Mechanical defense of seeds

5. Mammal-plant interactions Forced dispersal Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative

6. Parasitism & Disease -- host parasite coevolution Xenopsylla RattusYersinia Interspecific interactions -- Exploitative Borrelia Ixodes PeromyscusOdocoileus Lyssavirus Desmodus Mephitis

7. Parasite – host cospeciation Geomydoecus Geomys

8. Interspecific interactions Mutualistic coevolution Ruminant endosymbionts Initially parasities

9. Often evolve from relationships that were initially exploitative Interspecific interactions Mutualism Mammal – plant mutualism pollination dispersal germination

10. Mammal-mammal mutualism Interspecific interactions Shared predator vigilance Multi-species herds (ungulates) Mixed colonies (hyraxes) Shared roosts (fruit bats) Badger – coyote hunting “partnerships” mutualism or exploitation?

11. Interspecific interactions Domestication Food Transport Hunting & Guarding Fiber Disease control??

12. Canis simensis Africa (Ethiopia) Canis aureus Asia, north Africa Canis latrans North America Canis lupus Northern Hemisphere Canis rufus North America Wild canids Canis “familiaris” Dog – 15,000 ybp ASIA Family Canidae

13. Tundra British Columbian Mexican Eastern EuropeanIberian Indian Tibetan mt DNA Wolf variability (Canis lupus) Evidence of repeated backcrossing with wild wolves Family Canidae

14. Dog breeds (relationships inferred from nuclear genes) Basal clade – Central Asia Africa Northern Holarctic Middle East Family Canidae

15. Family Felidae Felis sylvestris Domestic cat – ca. 10,000 ybp North Africa, Middle East (probably multiple origins) Felis “catus”

16. Domestic horse --- ca. 6,000 ypb ASIA Domestic ass ca. 6,000 ybp NORTH AFRICA Equus asinus Family Equidae Equus caballus przewalski Paleolithic horse

17. Genetics 2N = 62 chromosomes 2N = 52 chromosomes 2N = 56 chromosomes 2N = 64 chromosomes Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) 2N = 46 Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) 2N = 34 Plains zebra (Equus burchelli) 2N = 44 Family Equidae

18. Mule (mare + male ass) Hinny (stallion + female ass) “Zorse” E. caballus x E. burchelli “Zeedonk” E. asinus x E. burchelli Hybridization Equus caballus X Equus asinus Domestic horse/ass hybrids Family Equidae All equid hybrids are sterile due to problems of chromosome pairing during meiosis

19. Domesticated cattle (Bos) -- 8000 – 9000 ybp Multiple origins (Asia, Europe, North Africa) Probable “hybrid” origin extinct Auroch (Bos primagenius)Wild cattle (Bos taurus) Gaur (Bos gaurus)Yak (Bos grunniens) Family Bovidae

20. Domestic sheep 6000 ybp Middle East Mouflon (Ovis musimon) Bezoar (Capra aegagrus) Domestic goat 10,000 ybp Middle East Family Bovidae

21. Reindeer 5000 ybp Northern Mongolia Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Domestic pig 10,000 ybp Multiple sites (SE Asia, India, Europe, Middle East) Wild boar (Sus scrofa) Family Suidae Family Cervidae

22. Dromedary ca. 5000 ybp Arabia Camelus dromedarius Bactrian Camel ca. 5000 ybp Iran Camelus bactrianus Family Camelidae

23. Llama 6000 ybp South America Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Alpaca 3000+ ybp South America Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) Family Camelidae The only large mammal domesticates from the Western Hemisphere

24. Captive (ungulates) Purposefully captured and raised by humans Ecology of Domestication Commensal (dog, cat) Not originally raised by humans but attracted to human modified habitats Six requirements for successful captive domestication (from: Jared Diamond 2002. Nature 418:700-707) 1) Generalist diet 2) Favorable life history (fecundity and growth rate) 3) Docile disposition 4) Captive breeding 5) Social grouping in herds 6) Low panic response Also – genetic “predisposition” for artificial selection (natural variability, hybridization) Types of domesticates

25. Geography of Domestication Predominance of Eurasia Earliest agricultural economies Large selection of appropriate mammals Why?