1. Nutrition
ANSC 2

2. Warm Up
Food Labels: Grab a bag of Animal Food from the lab. Please remember where you got this from!
Answer the following:
Who is your food made for? How do you know?
What are the top 5 ingredients?
What is the nutritional values in %s?
Write/Copy the description of your food.
What are the feeding directions? Amount per day?
Are there any warnings? If so what are they?
What audience is your product being advertised to and how do you know?
Give a visual/smell/touch description of your food.
Compile a list of traits on the board of information found on feed labels

3. Objectives Students will be able to:
Identify the purpose behind nutrition
Label Nutrition’s main aspects
Summarize the main nutrient requirements for small large animals
Analyze Feed labels for animals
Balance a feed ration

4. Unit Essential Question
Why is nutrition important to animal ownership and production?

5. Essential Question
What is Nutrition?

6. Review
Nutrition is:
The science or study that deals with food and nourishment
Food
Required for an organism to live and is used for growth

7. Nutrition Activity
Each type of candy/ cereal represents an important part of nutrition. Each table will have a problem and will need to provide the appropriate type of ration for your group’s scenario .

8. Build your Own Feed Ration
Table 1: Build a ration with 2x more fat than carbs
Table 2: Build a ration with equal parts vitamins and minerals
Table 3: Build a ration with 4x more carbs than protein
Marshmallows=- Protein , Carbs= Pop corn, Vitamins= Raisins , M & M= Fat , Minerals= Pretzels, Water = Chez Its

9. What are Nutrients? Provides nourishment for growth or metabolism
Examples Include:
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Water
Vitamins
Minerals

10. Carbohydrates Mainly sugar and starches Simple Complex
Monosaccharide
Complex
Normally derived from plants
Energy comes from carbohydrates, fats, and some proteins in feed.
Most concentrates have higher energy than do roughages.
Energy is stated as total digestible nutrients (TDN).

11. Energy Expanded Energy is measured in calories.
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree C.
Calories in feed or as requirements are stated as kilocalorie (kcal) or megacalorie (Mcal).
A kcal is 1000 calories.
An Mcal is calories.

12. Fat Forms that fat comes in: Soluble Insoluble Solid Liquid
Added to feeds to increase palatability
Also added to reduce dust
Molasses

13. Protein
Protein is stated as crude protein on a feed label and is given as percentage or grams on the feed label.
Protein needs are higher for young, lactating, and pregnant animals.
The needs of an animal must be matched with its diet,
Required for structure, function, and regulation of body cells, tissues, and organs.
Essential components of muscle, skin, and bones

14. Water Important in many life functions Do you know any examples?
MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENT!!!
What might prevent an animal from getting its daily water intake?
What can we do to help fix this problem?
Animals can not get their daily intake from illness etc… to aide in illness such as diarrhea you can give subcutaneous fluids to the animal.

15. Vitamins
Organic components in food that are needed in small amounts for growth
A- Plays roles in; vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development and reproduction, bone metabolism, skin and hair health: Found in dark green vegetables
E- Protects blood cells from free-radicals which break down cell structure, Protects destruction of A and C: Found in soybean, corn and cottonseed
D-Promotes absorption of calcium: can be synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight
K- Needed for proper blood clotting and protein synthesis occurring in plasma, bone and kidneys.

16. Minerals Classified as Macro or Micro
reflect the amount in the diet not physical size
Sometimes difficult to digest
How do we fix this problem? CHELATE
Chelate: formation of bonds between atoms
Inorganic nutrients: include sodium, magnesium, and calcium

17. MACRO-Minerals Calcium and Phosphorus:
work hand in hand, present in ratios
Calcium works in muscle function
Phosphorus works in metabolic functions
Phosphorus can be deficient in legumes in certain areas, or too high in others ( Delaware has an abundance, Australia has a deficiency)
Sodium and Chloride: help maintain water balance in body
Potassium: organ function, cellular water balance

18. What does a Cow Require? Ca, % 0.31 0.18 0.27 1.8 Growth P, % 0.3
Growing-
Gestating
 Lactating
Finishing
Dry Cows
 Cows BW
Max.
Performance
650 lbs
1,250 lbs
1,200 lbs
Tolerable
Impacted
Ca, %
 0.31
0.18
0.27
1.8
 Growth
P, %
0.3
Growth
Na, %
0.07
0.10
4.0
Milk Prod.
Cl, %  �
 4.0
 Milk Prod.

19. Vocabulary! Nutrition Nutrient Add these to your concept map! Water
Carbohydrate
Mineral
Vitamin
Protein
Fat
Add these to your concept map!

20. ANSC 3 Activity
Consider small and large animal nutrition. Research a required nutrient for a small or large animal. Explain how the nutrient requirement is met through diet. What would be the implications if this nutrient was not present in the diet?
Example: Cats require taurine in their diet. Taurine is supplied in Cat food. Without taurine cats suffer from Central Retinal Degeneration

21. Digestion
ANSC 2

22. Essential Question
What are the different types of digestion systems , and give example on how they differ

23. Objectives Define Ruminant. Monogastric, Modified Monogastric
Explore Monogastric and Ruminant digestive systems
Explain the four chambers of the Ruminant stomach and their purpose.

24. Digestion
The process by which large, complex nutrient molecules are broken down into simpler molecules capable of being used by an organism for food
Types of Digestive Systems
Mono Gastric
Modified Mono Gastric
Ruminant
Poultry

25. Monogastric Carnivores and omnivores have a “simple stomach”
System only has one compartment
Examples of mono gastric systems: swine, rabbits, humans

26. Monogastric break down
Small Intestine
Its Job: enzymatic digestion and absorption
Digests proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Small intestine has 3 parts
Duodenum- most digestion occurs here
Jejunum- digestion and absorption
Ileum- mostly absorption
Bile is secreted from the liver and helps breakdown fats

27. Monogastric Breakdown
Cecum- nonfunctioning in many monogastrics. Rabbits and horses have an enlarged cecum
Why do you think this is true? ( think about what rabbits and horses eat)
Large intestine
Bacterial activity
Water absorption
Waste storage
Rabbits and horses have an extra large cecums that act like a rumen to aide in fermentation breakdown digestion of feed ( they mainly eat grasses )

28. Rabbits- Modified Monogastric
Coprophagy - eating of cecotropes resulting in food having a double pass through the digestion system. Without the double pass many of the nutrients in feed would be lost to the animal.

29. Horses
Review definition of modified monogastric based on examples of horse and rabbit

30. Ruminant Name some Ruminants
What are differences between the ruminants and nonruminants?

31. Ruminant
4 Chambered Stomach
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum

32. The Process of Digestion
Step 1. Get the food!!
This process is called retrieving, or grazing.
How do ruminants get their food?

33. Step 2. Chew and Swallow The process of chewing is called mastication.
What directions do you chew?
What direction does a cow chew?
Why do you think this

34. Step 3. Rumen Largest of 4 compartments Its Job :FERMENTATION
Continuous mixing and moving
Anaerobic environment/Diverse bacterial pop.
Breaks down fibrous feed in volatile fatty acids
Papillae lining
Nonfunctional at birth , shunted off

35. Calf Stomach Engineering
Natural state of calf nursing causes the neck to stretch and a lot of saliva to be produced. This helps to close the esophageal groove which allows for the milk to bypass the rumen. Why would you NOT need milk to be processed in the rumen??

36. Step 4. Reticulum Feed boluses come from here Honeycomb appearance
Its Job : REGURGITATION
Regurgitation from rumen to mouth
Expulsion to omasum
Fermentation gases

37. Step 5. Rumination
Regurgitation of ingesta from the reticulum, followed by remastication and reswallowing.
What’s the purpose rechewing and reswallowing?
INCREASE SURFACE AREA!!!!
Helping out the microbes
VIDEO?????

38. Step 6. Omasum Many folds Its Job: REDUCE Reduces particle size
Absorb some water, minerals
Why would you reduce particle size?

39. Step 7. Abomasum “True Stomach” Glandular , meaning it secretes
Does your stomach excrete anything? Why ?
Its Job: DIGESTION
Begin digestion here
Feed leaves abomasum and enters the small intestine where further digestion takes place
Feed leaving abomasum is high in water content
Why do you think this happens?

40. Ruminant Project Title your poster Diagram your digestive stomach
Tell us:
What does it do?
Why is it important?
What is happening?
Don’t forget your names!

41. Avian Digestion Crop- Food storage
Proventriculous – glandular part of the stomach that stores and starts to digest food before it enters the gizzard
Gizzard- grinds and processes food. VERY MUSCULAR

43. Activity: Digestion Role Play!
Each Student will receive a section of the digestion system
Students will read the description of their section of the digestion tract.
PUT IT IN ORDER!!!
Monogastric, Ruminant, and Avian digestion pieces are included!

44. Vocabulary
Ruminant, Monogastric, Modified Monogastric, Corprophagy, mastication, rumination, gizzard, crop, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum

45. Digestion Review Test!!! You may use your notes. NOT YOUR NEIGHBOR
CHEATING = 0

46. Library Project Today! No EQ
On you own:
Based on what we learned today about nutrition and food movement through the digestive system Pick an animal ( other then a cow) and complete the following on your own sheet of paper:
Name the Animal
Why type of stomach does it have?
Give a step by step breakdown from beginning to end, following food movement within the animal’s digestive system . Be sure to include what is happening to the food at each section of digestion

47. Reading and Analyzing a Feed Label
ANSC 2

48. Essential Question
What are the four main steps in balancing a ration?

49. Objectives Review food label basics
Summarize the basic importance of nutrition
Explore minor small and large animal nutrition requirements and their effects
Define ration
Outline the steps in balancing a ration

50. Why is Nutrition important?
Diets should be based on the needs of the animal being fed and the nutrient content of the feed available.
What are you feeding for?
Maintenance ?
Performance?
Lactating
Showing/ exhibition
Reproductive
Growth
Maintenance
Growth
Reproductive or Showing ( depends on use)

51. Reading a Food Label
Feed is analyzed for production animals and some companion animals
The two nutrients found in the greatest amounts in most rations are protein and energy.
Ingredients are listed in order from most to least according to amount present.

52. Food Label Examples

53. Small Animal Nutrition
Birds
Cuttlebone, Calcium, and Grit
Dogs
Protein and Carbs
Cats
Taurine: Helps digest fat-soluble vitamins
Guinea Pigs
Vitamin C: general health aide
Birds :Cuttlebone and calcium for beak heath. Grit for digestive health -> crop and gizzard used to grind food.
Dogs: Protein and Carbs for energy and growth (muscle functions)
Cats: Require Taurine Essential Amino Acid (cat cannot make on its own)
Guinea Pigs: Vitamin C required just as in humans to help prevent signs like: weight loss, decreased appetite, nasal discharge

54. Large Animal Nutrition
Ruminant
Roughage and fiber, Vitamins A and E required
Sheep- must have a 2:1 ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus
Also required for lactation and growth in cattle
Non Ruminant
- Humans: What type of nutrition do we require?
Animals who feed mostly on grass:
Need magnesium
Any examples you may know?
Ruminants: Roughage and fiber provide scratching to move food, bacteria, and stimulate stomach walls. Vitamins A and E are not made by the animals and aide in basic bodily functions and absorbtion. Why would you need more then roughage ie for a show animal etc?
Sheeps: needs calcium phosphorus in 2:1 ratio to prevent crystals in the urethal tract.
Animals feeding on grass: need magnesium to prevent grass tetany

55. Ration
A ration is the total amount of feed an animal consumes in a 24-hour period.
A ration needs to provide the right amount and proportion of nutrients needed by the animal during its particular life cycle stage
A good ration should be balanced, have variety, be succulent, be palatable, bulky, economical, and suitable.

56. Rations Contin…
Nutritional information about feeds is used to formulate rations.
The amount of each nutrient is figured into the ration.
This is based on the nutrient requirements of the animal.
The information tells how much roughage, concentrate, and supplement are needed.

58. Goals of Rations
A balanced ration will increase gain, decrease expense, and increase profits.
Gain weight
More lustrous coat
Specifications to accommodate for:
Illness
Muscle mass
Lactation
Old age

59. Balancing a Ration
There are four basic steps that should be followed when developing a balanced ration.
1. Identify the needs of the animal
2. Identify available feed stuffs.
3. Calculate how much of each feed stuff is required
4. Check ration against the nutrient needs of the animal.

60. 1. Identify the needs of the animal
Find out: Age, Kind, Weight, and Function of the animal
Nutrient need requirements are called Feed Standards
Feeding standards are based on average requirements and may not meet the needs under specific feeding conditions i.e. illness, breeding or pregnancy
What is meant by function????

61. 2. Identify available feedstuffs
A feedstuff is an ingredient used in making feed for animals.
The producer must then choose which feedstuffs to include in the ration based on nutrient value of the feedstuff and availability
Nutrient content of an item may be found by consulting a feed composition table.

62. Availability
Availability of the feedstuff is determined by the location of the producer developing the ration.
For example, a producer in the Midwest is more likely to use soybean meal as a source of protein while a producer in the southern United States would be more likely to use cottonseed meal as a protein source in livestock feed.
What would producers in Delaware most likely use? Corn or Soybean?

63. 3. Calculate the amount of each feedstuff to use in the ration.
Several methods
Commercial feed company would most likely use a computer program to develop the ration.
Producers developing their own rations can use a simpler method known as the Pearson Square to manufacture a balanced ration on their own farm or ranch.

64. 4. Check ration against nutrient needs of the animal.
Ration developed needs meets all of the requirements of the animal for minerals and vitamins.
Deficiencies require recalculations.

65. Balancing Rations
Balanced rations are normally shown in the form of a ratio.
Ratio Practice Activity
Hand in at the end of class in the Vet Tech In Bin

66. Words you should know! (Animal at) Maintenance Ruminant Non Ruminant
Ration
(Animal at) Maintenance
Balanced (ration)
Essential (if something is essential what does that mean for the animal?)

67. Think Further
Choose any animal. Write a 1 page paper double spaced ( SKIP LINES) about how you will provide your animal’s nutritional needs.
You will be graded on spelling and sentence structure

68. Answer the Following Q’s in your page
What is required for the animal at maintenance?
Balanced ration? High in Carbs? Does it need extra vitamins?
What would cause the animal’s nutritional needs to change?
Remember when animals are under “work” they require more energy, vitamins, and nutrients.
What special instructions should you as an owner of this animal consider when providing a balanced diet?

69. Pearson Square Method
ANSC 2

70. Essential Question
What is the Pearson Square Method and What is it used for?

71. Objectives
Successfully balance a ration for various content using the Pearson Square Method

72. Pearson Square
The Pearson square method is a simple way to calculate a ration for a specific animal.
It can also be used to calculate ingredients for batches of feed.
Follow along as we practice !!

73. Pearson Square Step By Step
Step 1. Draw a 1- to 2-inch square.
Place diagonal lines across the square.
Step 2. Write the percentage of crude protein needed by the animal in the center of the square where the diagonal lines cross.
Weaned Pig at 44 pounds is being used for the example

75. Pearson Square Step by Step
Step 3. Write the feeds to be used at each left corner.
Place the percent of crude protein in the feeds after the name of feed.

76. Pearson Square Step by Step
Step 4. Subtract the smaller of the numbers from the larger numbers.
(This involves crude protein needed by the animal and that provided by the feed.)
Write the difference at opposite corners.

77. Pearson Square Step by Step
Step 5. The numbers at the two right corners are parts of the two feed ingredients that are needed.
(Parts can be measured as weight or volume just so the proportion remains as was calculated.)

78. Pearson Square Step by Step Almost there!!
Step 6. The percentage of each feed needed in the ration can be found by dividing the number of parts by the total parts.

79. Pearson Square Finished Product!
Step 7. The amount of each feed ingredient for a large batch of feed is determined by multiplying the percentage of each by the total amount of feed desired.

80. Class Practice
Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the supplement?

81. Practice! Turn into Bin
Formulate a supplement to contain 0.8% calcium. Use corn (0.2% Ca) and limestone (35% Ca). How many pounds of each feed is in 100 pounds of the supplement?

82. Vocabulary Pearson Square Method
Be sure to include what it is , and what purpose it serves

83. Assignments to Date 4 Essential Questions:
1. Why do owners need to know what nutrition they are giving their animals?
Are these reasons different for Producers of livestock vs. companion animal owners?
2. What are the different types of digestion systems , and give example on how they differ
3. What are the four main steps in balancing a ration?
4. What is the Pearson Square Method and what is it used for?
Digestion Project (Follow the Food) 3/16
Pearson Square Problems 3/16
Meeting the Nutritional Requirements 3/23
VOCAB DUE Monday Completed!!!!
TEST 3/24

84. Middletown High School Vet Tech 1
Feed Analysis
Middletown High School
Vet Tech 1

85. Objectives
Identify the purpose of Feed analysis

86. Essential Question
Why do we analyze feed?

87. Feed Analysis
Feed analysis is the process of determining the nutrients in a feedstuff or prepared mixed feed and is most often done in a laboratory.
The information gained through this process is important in selecting the diets of animals to assure a balanced ration.
An analysis provides information in several areas.

88. Areas of Feed Analysis
Dry matter - Dry matter is the weight of feed materials after moisture has been driven out.
Feed quality is based on the proportion of water in the feed.
Crude protein - Crude protein is the nitrogen content of feed multiplied by 6.25 (a constant factor).
Feedstuffs with higher crude protein are typically more nutritious.

89. Areas of Feed Analysis
Fat - Fat content is determined by using an ether extract process.
The ether dissolves the fat.
The remaining feed material is weighed and a percentage of fat is calculated.
Crude fiber - Crude fiber is determined by boiling the feed material in an acid and using laboratory procedures to dry the feed.
The weight before and after drying is measured and used to calculate percent.

90. Food Label Example

92. Nutrition and Poor Health
Example: Vitamin D Deficiency
What happens to humans
Rickets in Children, soft bones
What happens to small animals
Dogs can experience higher cancer rates
What happens to large animals
Cattle experience decreased fertility
Have students recall the purpose of vitamin D in the body

93. Vocabulary Sheet Terms You Should Know
Ruminant
Non Ruminant
Ration
Maintenance
Balanced
Essential
Nutrition
Nutrient
Water
Rickets
Feed Analysis
Feedstuff
Calorie
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Mineral
Vitamin
Grass Tetany
Protein
Fat
Ration
Pearson Square
Balanced Ration
Crude Protein

94. References
Animal-world.com/encyclo/birds/information/birdcage.htm#foods
Felinefuture.com/nutrition/taurine.php
The Merck Veterinary Manual 8th Edition
Ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/basics.html