1. Source: Ephedra Herb (Ma Huang, Yellow Hemp).
Alkaloids with Exocyclic Nitrogen (Protoalkaloids- Phenylalkylamines- Biological amines)
1- Ephedra Alkaloids
Source: Ephedra Herb (Ma Huang, Yellow Hemp).
Ephedra used as remedy for Asthma in Chinese medicine.
(-)-Ephedrine is the major Alkaloid in Ephedra.
Ephedrine is a phenylalkylamine with N atom in the side chaine

3. Ephedrine is similar to adrenaline in structures.
Advantages of Ephedrine over adrenaline:
1- Orally active. 2- Prolonged action

4. Isomers:
Two Chairal centers → 4 Isomres.
Most active is (-)-Ephedrine. (+)-Ephedrine have 1/3 the activity.
Pseudoephedrine much less active.

5. Properties: Soluble in water and organic solvents Steam volatile
Negative reaction with Mayer’s reagent.
React with Chloroform to produce Ephedrine HCl and phosogen
Ephedrine HCl in 25% HCl isomerizes to Pseudoephedrine.

8. Test for Identity: Chen’s test:
Ephedrine HCl in water ml CuSO4 + 1ml NaOH → Violet colour, shake with Ether →
Ether layer → purple
Aqueous layer → blue
Uses:
1- Asthma Hey fever Mydriatic.
4- Nasal decongestant.
5- Certain allergic conditions.

9. 2- Cathe Alkaloids (Kat القاط)
CNS stimulant activity
Abused drug.

11. 3- Peyote Alkaloids
Hallucinogenic Alkaloid

12. Tropolone Alkaloids Colchicum Alkaloids Source: Colchicum Corm.
Constituents: Colchicine.
Properties:
1- Neutral Alkaloid.
2- Amid function.
Test:
1- Red colour with FeCl3.
2- Yellow colour with dil. Mineral acids.
Uses:
1- Treatment of Gout Anticancer in vitro.
3- Treatment of Mediterranean Sea fever.
4- Polyploidy in Plants.

14. Imidazole Alkaloids Pilocarpus Alkaloids
Source: Jaborandi leaves (Pilocarpus jaborandi).
Constituents: (+)-Pilocarpine.
Properties:
1- Oily liquid miscible with water.
2- Non-volatile liquid alkaloid.
3- Lactone function.
Test:
Helche’s test:
Alkaloid + Dil acid + K2CrO7 → violet colour
(Pilocarpine dichromate)
Uses:
1- Miotic Diaphoretic.
3- Hair preparations.

17. Pyridine Alkaloids Tobacco Alkaloids Source: Tobacco leaves.
Constituents:
1- Nicotine (75%) Nornicotine Anabasine.
Properties:
1- The 3 alkaloids are volatile liquids.
2- Nicotine is tertiary alkaloid while the others are secondary.
3- Nicotine has some miscibility with water.

20. 1- Insecticide & Pesticide. 2- No medicinal use due to toxicity.
Test for Nicotine:
1- Aqueous Solution + p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in HCl →
Rose Red Colour → Violet
2- Aqueous Solution + Vanillin HCl → Red Colour
3- Solution in Ether + I2 in Ether → deep red colourd needles of nicotine periodate
Uses:
1- Insecticide & Pesticide No medicinal use due to toxicity.

21. Piperidine Alkaloids 1- Conium Alkaloids Source: Hemlock fruits.
Constituents: Coniine.
Properties:
1- Volatile liquid.
2- Free from Oxygen.
3- CNS stimulant.
Uses:
1- Local analgesic so used for Hemorrhoids and anal fissures.

23. 2- Lobelia Alkaloids
Source: Lobelia Herb (Indian Tobacco).
Constituents:
1- Lobeline (50%) Lobelanine Lobelanidine.

25. 1- Lobeline is sparingly soluble in water. Test:
Properties:
1- Lobeline is sparingly soluble in water.
2- Lobeline HCl is soluble in CHCl3.
Test:
1- Lobeline + Marqui’s reagent → Red colour
2- Lobeline + Froehd’s reagent → Red colour → Blue
Uses:
1- Lobelia extract is used as expectorant Lobeline is respiratory stimulant.
3- Lobeline is used to break tobacco habits in the form of tablets or lozenges.

26. 3- Pomegranate Alkaloids
Source: Pomegranate barks.
Constituents:
1- Pelletierine Isopelletierine Methylpelletierine.
Properties:
1- Volatile liquid Alkaloids.
Uses:
1- Taeniafuge and Vermifuge.