1. Radio Waves Diagnostics of Ionospheric Plasma 1Space Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 2 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden 3 Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic Corsica, Corte 21-27 June 2008 H. Rothkaehl 1, J. Bergman 2, J. Błęcki 1, J. Juchniewicz 1, K. Kudela 3 M. Morawski 1, B. Thide 2

2. Wave in situ diagnostics ULF and LF ion plasma diagnostics, E B field fluctuations. VLF low density plasma diagnostics HF electron plasma diagnostics, Solar radio burst. Local plasma frequency =local electron density tens kHz up to few MHz Local gyro-frequency proportional to the intensity of magnetic field tens kHz up to MHz The ionosphere represents less than 0.1% of the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere. Even so, it is extremely important!

3. 1.Electromagnetic pollution at top-side ionosphere, H. Rothkaehl et al. 2003,2005 2.Broad band emissions inside the ionospheric trough H. Rothkaehl et al.1997,Grigoryan 2003, Rotkhkaehl et al. 2007. 3.Whistler- gamma rays interaction related to the Earthquake, Rothkaehl et al. 2006. Kudela, Bucik 2005. 4.E missions triggered by lightning, Bucik 2005 The map of gamma rays fluxes in the energy range 0.12-0.32 MeV detected by SONG on CORONAS-I satellite during the period from March 1994 through June 1994., K. Kudela, R. Bucik 2002 Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, interation of HF waves and energetic electrons

4. Radio waves diagnostic past experiments

5. COMPASS 2 weighting 85 kg, circular orbit with height 400 km and inclination 79 degrees for development of the methods of monitoring and forecasting of natural disasters on the base of coordinated monitoring at the Earth and from space the pre-earthquake phenomena. 25May 2006

6. Human activity can perturb Earth's environment. CORONAS

7. The ratio of emissions coefficients S,for scattering of subthermal electron on Langmuir and ion-acoustic turbulence for different ratio of Te to Ti for ionospheric plasma of ω f pe =1.3MHz. The emissions coefficients for scattering of subthermal electron on the Langmuir j l k,  and ion-acoustic j s k,  turbulence for different k vector for T e =8000 °K, T i =1200 °K, f pe =1.3MHz n eo =0.1n e.

8. Earthquake 31. 03.1994 -150.00-100.00-50.000.0050.00100.00150.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 150 E, 26 S Earthquake 22 40 52 UT -180 long, -22 lat Earthquake HF diagnostics 171-170 long, -17 lat

9. Ionospheric response to seismic activity  HF increasing of wave activity (whistler mode)  Enhancement of gamma rays in 0.12-0.35 Mev  Increase of local electron density over epicentre  Wave-like change of electron density at F2 layers, enhancements of Es  More pronouns effect during quit geomagnetic condition Parallel to the well-known effects related to the seismic activity in the top side ionosphere such as small-scale irregularities generated due to acoustic waves (Hegai et.al. 1997), and large-scale irregularities generated by anomalous electric field (Pulinets at al 2000), the modification of magnetic flux tube are also common features (Kim and Hegai 1997, Pulinets at al. 2002). So it seems that changes of the magnetic flux tube topology correlated with seismic activity can lead to the increase in the precipitation of energetic electron fluxes and, as a consequence, can yield excitation of the HF whistler mode., H.Rothkaehl 2005

10. IONOSPHERIC TROUGH Rothkaehl et al.1997 Magion-3

11. Alfven waves, LHR, UHR, EMIC Double trough structure

12. The global distribution over Europe of mean value of the electromagnetic emission in the ionosphere in the frequency range 0.1-15 MHz on 30.03.1994 during strong geomagnetic disturbances, recorded by SORS-1 instrument on board the Coronas_I satellite. The characteristic increase of emission over Euroasia is visible and the conjugate point in southward hemisphere. The area where maximum particle flux was registered is indicated by cross points. The resolution is 5x5 deg; the units are DB/μV Africa

13. The global distribution of electric component Eh and magnetic component Bx registered during very quit condition from 11 till 13 January 1982 on the board AUREOL-3 satellite in the wide frequency band from 9 to 16 kHz. The intensity of detected emissions is in log(mV/m/√(Hz)) for electric component and log(nT/m//√(Hz)) for magnetic component. ARCAD-3 quite geom. conditions

14. LIGHTNING INDUCED HARD X-RAY FLUX ENHANCEMENTS: CORONAS-F OBSERVATIONS, Bucik 2005. X rays enhanced emissions 30 - 500 keV Geographic locations of X ray counts (during two consecutive CORONAS-F orbits in each panel on November 9 (left), November 10-11 (middle), and November 12 (right). Colored scale matches the log of the counts. Lightning discharges detected by the LIS are shown as a red/blue The crosses on south indicate conjugate points of the northern lightning flashes.. Trakhtengerts at al. 2003

15. LIGHTNING INDUCED HARD X-RAY FLUX ENHANCEMENTS: CORONAS-F OBSERVATIONS, Bucik 2005. VLF emissions triggered by lightning X rays enhanced emissions

16. UNIMAIsat-1 Mass < 10 kg Ionospheric orbit, 400-1000 km

17. Define the main goals of the experiment Design the instruments Test the prototype Design the mode of operation Wave Recorder concept Vector Digital Receiver concept OBSTANOVKA on ISS General Mass [kg]5.4 (+10% / - 30 %) Power [W]12.0 (+30% / - 50 %) Voltage [V]28.0 ( +/- 20%) Dimension [mm]190.0x150.0x115.0

18. Radio waves are 3D EM vector waves! about 66% of the total information content is lost if only single polarised antennas are used

19. Angular momentum Angular momentum for EM field = 0 planar waves, no components other than those along the axis of propagation ≠0, small non-zero components perpendicular to the axis of propagation

21. By providing a software configurable sensor and emitter infrastructure distributed in southern Sweden with Växjö, LOIS will enhance the atmospheric and space physics capabilities of the huge, new-generation digital radio telescope LOFAR (Low Frequency Array), currently being built in the Netherlands. LOIS is a large radio telescope array that will operate in the 10-240 MHz frequency range. Its 13,000 dipole antennas will be clustered in roughly 100 stations spread over a region 400 km across. Test station operated in Vaxjo

22. Twisted RF is the rotation of the plane of polarisation within a transmitted or received non planar waveform This concept has been demonstrated at optical and sub-millimetre wavelengths. B. Thide at al. 2007

23. “Sura” operated by the Radiophysical Research Institute in Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, will be used for systematic studies of the ionosphere; A 1.2 MW HF ionospheric research radio transmitter, “Heating”,operated by the EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter) scientific organisation in Tromso, northern Norway. This instrument is used for systematic studies of the ionosphere. access to the following high- power radio sources in the 5-30 MHz frequency range: A 0.5 MW HF broadcast radio transmitter at Hörby, southern Sweden, operated by the Teracom company.,

24. Borowiec LOIS POLFAR

26. Future- MOON