1. Bee Biology Everything You Need to Know And A Bunch of Stuff You Probably Don’t

2. Ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms 202-245 million years ago First flowering plants (angiosperms) emerged 160 million years ago. Became widespread 120 million years ago Oldest bee fossilized in amber 100 million years old Scientists believe that bees first appeared ~120 million years ago Fossil also has characteristics of wasps suggesting common ancestor 16,000 species of bees organized into 7 families Bees are known to affect plant evolution by spreading pollen and preferring to pollinate some types of plants over others The bee's evolutionary tree originated from the family Melittidae Bee origin is probably in Africa

3. Composition of Nectar – Co-Evolution Plant Species Specific but Highly Correlated with Pollinator

4. Invertase Honey bees convert Sucrose into Glucose and Fructose because Sucrose tends to crystalize faster than either Glucose or Fructose. Nectar and Honey are both low in Sucrose

5. Amino-acid Minimum required % of amino-acid in protein digested Threonine 3 Valine 4 Methionine 1.5 Leucine 4.5 Iso-leucine 4 Phenylalanine 2.5 Lysine 3 Histidine 1.5 Arginine 3 Tryptophan 1 Essential Amino Acids for Honeybees Flowering Plants/Bees Symbiotic Relationship

6. How is Honey Made Composition of Honey CompoundPer 100 gram wet weight Fructose42.5g Glucose35.6g Sucrose1.3g Riboflavin0.038mg Niacin0.121mg Pantothenic Acid0.068mg Vitamin B60.024mg Folate2ug Vitamin C0.5mg Calcium (Calcium Citrate)6mg Iron (Iron Sulfate)0.42ng Magnesium (Magnesium Chloride)2mg Phosphorus (TriCalcium Phosphate)4mg Potassium (Potassium Chloride)52mg Sodium (Sodium Chloride)4mg Zinc (Zinc Citrate)0.22mg Amino Acids0.3g p-coumaric acid0.1g

7. Bee Biology Hierarchy of the Hive WorkerDroneQueen

8. Bee Biology Bee Dissection

9. Bee Biology Communication – Waggle Dance

10. Bee Biology Wax Production

11. Bee Biology Wax Production

15. Chemistry: Soil Science, Soil Testing, pH, Fertilizers, etc. BioChemistry: Soil Microorganisms, Plant diseases, Energy Transduction in Plants, Basic Plant Biochemistry Geometry/Math: Field layout, Irrigation layout, Water Flow, Irrigation Rates Liquid fertilizer application Marketing: Where to sell products, Value added Products Robotics: Design and build a mechanical harvester Sales: Integration with Marketing, Setting Sales Price by Product Finance: Cost of Production, Cost of Sales, Profits, etc. Ag Science: Plantings and care, General maintenance Summer Jobs: Employ ~10 HS students each summer, 7 in general labor, 1 sales, 1 marketing, 1 manager