1. Principles of Engineering System Design Dr T Asokan asok@iitm.ac.in

2. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS DESIGN Dr T Asokan asok@iitm.ac.in Operational Architecture Development Contd…

3. Trace non-input/output requirements Internal input/output requirements System-wide requirements Trade off requirements Qualification requirements

4. T Asokan ED309 Apportionment method Internal input/output requirements

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6. Digitized passenger requests Assignment for elevator cars Elevator position and direction  The elevator system shall produce digitized passenger requests  The elevator system shall consume digitized passenger requests etc.. These I/O need to be traced to corresponding items and the functions responsible for consuming and creating the item respectively.

7. “The elevator system shall produce digitized passenger requests” can be traced to the function Accept passenger requests and provide feedback “The elevator system shall consume digitized passenger requests” can be traced to the function Control elevator cars.

8. Tracing system-wide requirements and Deriving subsystem-wide requirements System-wide requirement on Cost, Reliability, availability, durability etc. need to “allocated” among the components of the system. Example: The system shall cost Rs 10000 or less to use per month during its operation System shall employ ‘ABC’ technology How do we allocate these system wide requirements to components/sub systems is a major task.

9. T Asokan ED309 There are three techniques for flow down of these system-wide requirements – Apportionment, Equivalence, and Synthesis [Grady, 1993] Apportionment Method Most appropriate for cost requirements, reliability, availability, durability etc. The system-level requirement is divided or apportioned out to the systems components, not necessarily in equal increments, keeping a margin of 5-10% as risk mitigation strategy.

10. The apportioned reliability of components could be: Passenger interface: 0.96 ( 0.996-design goal) Elevator controller:0.995 ( 0.995) Elevator compartment:0.96 ( 0.96) Elevator maintenance: 0.99 ( 0.99) The product these numbers provides margin of 0.01 for risk mitigation Derived reliability requirement: The elevator component, passenger interface, shall have a reliability of 0.96 or greater. The design goal is 0.996 Example: System-wide reliability of elevator is 0.9 with design goal of 0.99

11. Synthesis method Used when the system-level requirement is comprised of complex contributions from the components, causing the component requirements that are flowed down from the system to be based upon some analytic model. The system-level requirement has significantly different units than the derived component requirement has. Accuracy, range, thrust, time etc.. Equivalence method Component requirement same as system requirement. System constraints are appropriate for equivalence method Example: The system shall be olive green in color

12. The requirement relating to the average time between the passenger making a request and being delivered to the requested floor needs to be synthesized between all the four components which provide this service. T Asokan ED309

13. Trace Trade-off requirements and Derive subsystem Trade-off requirements Cost, schedule, performance

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16. Cost, schedule, performance T Asokan ED309 Decision Analysis for design trade offs: Multiattribute Value Analysis (MVA) Analytical Hierarchy Process

17. Multiattribute Value Analysis (MVA) A quantitative method for aggregating a stake holders preferences over conflicting objectives to find the alternative with the highest value when all objectives are considered. 1.Define value scale for each objective 2.Quantify the relative value of improving from lower to higher level in the form of ‘value curves’ (value functions). 3.Normalise value functions 4.Exponential functions are used to approximate normalised value functions. T Asokan ED309

18. Normalised value function T Asokan ED309

19. Value weights reflect the relative value associated with increasing from the bottom to the top of each value scale. T Asokan ED309

20. Weightage calculation: Communication system Throughput (mbits/sec) 100-120 1 Availability0.85-.95 2 Operating life (yrs) 5- 7 3 Procurement cost 100 – 85 4 Operating cost ($/month) 1.00 – 0.70 5 ROC 0.45 0.26 0.16 0.09 0.04 Rank Order Centroid (ROC) method T Asokan ED309

21. RISK and PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS A risk analysis examines the ability of the divergent concepts to perform up to the needed level of performance across a wide range of performance scenarios. Addressing uncertainty and multiple objectives in the risk analysis is critical (will be discussed later under ‘decision making under uncertainty’) Performance analysis are for the purpose of discovering the range of performance that can be expected from a specific design or a set of designs that are quite similar. Mathematical modelling and simulation are often carried out. (will be discussed under ‘Modelling and simulation’) T Asokan ED309

22. Summary Operational Architecture Function allocation Trace system wide requirements and derive subsytem wide requirements Allocate subsystem wide requirements Apportionment method Equivalence method Synthesis method Trade off requirements and allocation Multi Attribute Value Analysis T Asokan ED309