1. Religion and the State in the EU 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 CC 「姓名標 示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權 釋出】創用 CC 「姓名標 示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版 歐盟法與生命對話 第十二單元 授課教師 ： 貝克定 東華大學歷史學系 1

2. What do we mean by “religion” in this case?  Public aspects (political and social policies)  Private aspects (personal beliefs) 2

3.  Public religion – in the UK 3 In his third effort this week to highlight his own strong faith, the prime minister 首相 ( 戴维 · 卡梅伦 ) said he wanted to see a bigger role for religion in Britain as a Christian country and urged fellow believers to be more confident in spreading their views. The prime minister said he wanted to see a bigger role for religion in Britain as a Christian country and urged fellow believers to be more confident in spreading their views. The Guardian 2014.04.17

4.  The EU  Four representative 代表性 states of the EU -Italy -England -Germany -France  Background of European religion  Two states that influence the EU -Russia -USA 4

5. The EU 5

6.  “EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief” 2013.06.24 6

7.  ICCPR - 1976 -Not signed by UN representative -Not ratified by state government -Ratified but with conditions -Not a member of the UN 7

8. “EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief” 8 16. Freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief applies to all persons equally. It is a universal human right that needs to be protected everywhere and for everyone, regardless of who they are, where they live, and what they believe or do not believe in.

9. 8. The Guidelines explain what the international human rights standards on freedom of religion or belief are, and give clear political lines to officials of EU institutions and EU Member States, to be used in contacts with third countries and with international and civil society organisations. They also provide officials with practical guidance on how to seek to prevent violations of freedom of religion or belief, to analyse cases, and to react effectively to violations wherever they occur, in order to promote and protect freedom of religion or belief in the EU's external action. 9

10. 47. EU missions (EU Delegations and Member States Embassies and Consulates) form a key component in early warning. EU missions, in co-ordination with any relevant CSDP missions, will monitor respect for freedom of religion or belief in third countries and will identify and report on situations of concern (including individual cases and systemic issues), drawing on available sources in and outside the country, including civil society, so that the EU can take prompt and appropriate action. 10

11. 57. Violations of freedom of religion or belief will be taken into account by the EU when deciding on appropriate measures under human rights clauses in agreements with third countries, including the possible suspension of cooperation, notably as regards financial assistance. 11

12.  Has important intentions for human rights  To date has had little noticeable effect anywhere  Criticized because sets stricter standards of religious freedom for states outside the EU than for member states 12

13.  “I believe there is a God.” (EU poll, 2005) -Strong: Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland -Medium: France, England, Scandinavia 13

14. Italy  Christian 77%  Not religious or not stated 20%  Islam (2%) 14

15.  Catholic church the common cultural factor in the Italian Peninsula before unification of Italy in 1866 15

16.  Papal States restricted to the territory of the Vatican City 梵蒂岡城市 in Rome, but Church and State developed agreement under Mussolini 墨索里尼.  Italy still the ‘headquarters’ for the Catholic Church 16

17.  Remains at the center of Italian cultural life -Marriages -Funerals -Relationship to personal faith questionable 17

18.  Church Tax -About 0.8% of income -Paid to certain Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish, Hindu, or Buddhist church organizations -Or to government charity 18

19. England  Christian 60%  Not religious or not stated 32%  Islam 5.0%  Hindu 1.5% 19

20.  Church of England – historical -Greater distance from Rome -14 th c. movement to reform Catholic Church to make it accessible to common people -1538 Church of England separated from Roman Catholic Church -Changes back and forth and great persecutions over the next 200 years -Beliefs and rituals similar to Catholicism -Movement of Anglican priests to Catholicism in 20 th c. 20

21.  Church was the beginning of education -Parish schools -Universities (until 19 th c.) -Records of births, marriages, deaths  Remained in control after separation from Rome -Until the mid-19 th c, you needed to be a member of the C of E to teach at Ox-Bridge 21

22.  Church of England – today -Queen (or king) remains the head of the Church -Creates difficulty for a divorced man to become king -Retains 26 bishops in House of Lords -Part of the “cultural landscape” 22

23.  Westminster Abbey 西敏寺 -Built 1250-1500 -Coronation / burial place of English / British kings -Graves or memorials to authors, artists, scientists, nobility, etc. 23

24.  St Paul’s Cathedral 聖保羅座堂 -Built 1710 following Great Fire of London -Survived bombing in WWII 24

25. The Church as State Theater  Royal weddings  Coronations 加冕禮 25

26.  David Cameron: Happy Vaisakhi Day to Sikhs 錫克教徒 26 " I want to send my best wishes to everyone celebrating Vaisakhi this year. This is a hugely important time for Sikhs across Britain and around the world, for them to come together with friends and family to celebrate the birth of the faith. 160 years ago, the first Sikh arrived in Britain. Since then, Sikhs have more than made their mark here -- in business, in public services, in sport, culture, charity and beyond. Vaisakhi gives us a chance to celebrate that immense contribution and to share the success stories of British Sikhs.”

27.  Ireland -90% of primary schools 小學 run by Catholic Church -Religion integrated into all classes 27

28. Germany  Christian 50%  Not religious or not stated 44%  Other 3%  Islam 2%  Attend church more than once a year (1998) -Western Germany 41% -Eastern Germany 12% 28 ipsos_mori_briefing_pack

29. Recent News 29 In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel surprised many with her declaration of her private faith. A Lutheran minister's daughter who grew up under communism, she said in November 2012: "I am a member of the evangelical church. I believe in God and religion is also my constant companion." The Economist 22.04.2014

30.  Holy Roman Empire 聖羅馬帝國 -Many small states that elected an emperor with little real power -Emperor originally crowned by the Pope 30

31.  Reformation -Began even before Luther in Eastern Europe -Lack of strong central authority permitted Reformation to spread more quickly -After Luther some states in the Holy Roman Empire (especially the south) remained Catholic 31

32.  30 Years War 1616-1648 -Began as religious conflict – more than 200 states in the HRE could choose their religion -Led to dynastic conflict between Bourbons (France) and Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE) 32

33.  Church Tax (unless you officially leave your church) -About 8-9% of an individual’s total tax -About 70% of Church revenues 33

34.  Dresden Frauenkirche 德勒斯登聖母教堂 -Built as Protestant church, 1740 -Destroyed in WWII -Rebuilt 2000 with funds from the Dresden Bank and private individuals 34

35. France  Christianity (45%)  No religion or not stated 45%  Other religions (6%)  Islam (3%) 35

36.  Laïcité -Secularization of the government -Separation of Church and State -Concealing State intervention in religion -Concept begun during French Revolution – religion outlawed, churches put to other uses, priests returned to secular life 36

37.  2004 – law forbidding students (or teachers) from wearing a symbol of their religious affiliation. -Neutrally worded, but understood as restriction on Muslim girls wearing headscarves. -Government employees also may not wear religious headgear 37

38.  Paris Panthéon 先賢祠 -Begun as a church, 1750 -After French Revolution, changed to burial place for French philosophers (Voltaire), authors (Hugo), scientists (Curie), artists 38

39. The international context for religion and the state in the EU 39

40.  Russia -Repression of the Orthodox Church during the Soviet Union -Strong state support of the Orthodox Church under Putin -Strong support for Putin, especially from the Russian Patriarch 總教主 40

41.  Who took Patriarch Kirill’s $30,000 watch? 41 “The church apologized for the deception on Thursday and restored the original photo to the site, but not before Patriarch Kirill weighed in, insisting in an interview with a Russian journalist - that he had never worn the watch, and that any photos showing him wearing it must have been doctored to put the watch on his wrist.”

42.  Religion and the government in Eastern Europe 42 Orthodox Easter 復活節 messages from patriarchs 大公 宗主教 in Kiev 基輔 and Moscow: The head of Ukraine's Orthodox Church Patriarch Filaret accused Russia of "aggression" and "evil". Russian Church Patriarch Kirill asked God to end "the designs of those who want to destroy Holy Russia".

43.  America -Separation of Church and State is one of the founding principles of the USA -Since the initial separation, Christianity has had increasing influence on US politics, especially since the 1950’s 43

44.  Swearing oath of office  Swearing to tell the truth in court 44

45.  National Prayer Breakfast 45

46.  C Street Center, Washington DC -Residence for conservative Senators and Representatives 46

47.  Creationism 47

48.  5 th Grade Textbook for Louisiana state schools 48

49.  Americans’ understanding of Christianity 49 12% believe Joan of Arc 聖女貞德 was Noah’s 諾亞 wife. (Joan of Ark 挪亞方舟 ) 40 % can name more than four of the Ten Commandments 十誡. 50% know any of the four authors of the Gospels 福音. 75% believe the Bible teaches that, "God helps those who help themselves." (Ben Franklin, not the Bible) Source: Harpers, August 2005

50. Strong interaction between Religion and the state in other areas of the world  Israel and Palestine (Zionists vs. Palestinians)  Middle East (local Islamic peoples vs. Western)  India (Hindu nationalists vs. Christians and Moslems) 50

51.  Israel 51 Binyamin Netanyahu 納坦雅胡 will push ahead with a rare change to Israel's basic laws (which amount to the country's constitution) to insist Israel is "the nation state of one people only – the Jewish people – and of no other people". The Guardian 2014.05.04

52. The End  Questions?  Comments? What do you think about this?  What effect does religion have on government in Taiwan? 52

53. 版權聲明 53 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 3 In his third effort this week to … The guardian / David Cameron: I am evangelical about Christian faith, Rowena Mason http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/16/david-cameron-evangelical-about-christian-faith 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。 3 You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5bVh97sCOk 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/08/21 。 6 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mpd01605/6755068753/in/photostream/; Author: MPD01605http://www.flickr.com/photos/mpd01605/6755068753/in/photostream/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_flag_in_Karlskrona_2011.jpg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 2.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 2.0 版 7 Free Speech Debate / Article 19: freedom of expression anchored in international law http://freespeechdebate.com/en/discuss/article-19-freedom-of-expression-anchored-in-international-law/ 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 7 Europa Augsburg / Europakarte http://www.europa.augsburg.de/index.php?id=21262 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/4 。 13 Wikimedia commons / Europe belief in god, Veikk0.ma http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_belief_in_god.png 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 15 Wikimedia commons / Italian-unification, Artemka http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版

54. 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 16 Wikimedia commons / Vatican City at Large, Sébastien Bertrand http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg?uselang=zh-tw 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 16 Wikimedia commons / StPetersBasilicaEarlyMorning, Tillea http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StPetersBasilicaEarlyMorning.jpg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 16 Wikimedia commons / Vatican City map EN, Thoroe http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_City_map_EN.png 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 22 Wikimedia commons / Source: Picture taken and postprocessed by Hans Musil.; Author: Hans Musil http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版 23 Wikimedia commons / Westminster-Abbey, Σπάρτακος http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster-Abbey.JPG 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 版權聲明 54

55. 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 24 Wikimedia commons / St Pauls Cathedral in 1896, Unknown http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 24 Wikimedia commons / St pauls altar, Donelson http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_pauls_altar.jpg 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 25 地球圖輯隊 / Royal Wedding, Dave Thompson http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=63 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 25 Wikimedia commons / Source: Transferred from el.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Badseed using CommonsHelper; Author: Jules Eugène Lenepveu (1819-1898). Original uploader was Leopoldos at el.Wikipedia http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-vii-courronement-_Panth%C3%A9on_III.jpg 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。 26 I want to send my best wishes to everyone … You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。 26 You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。 32 Wikimedia commons / Map Thirty Years War-en, Historicair http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 版權聲明 55

56. 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 33 Mygermanexpert / Unknown http://blog.mygermanexpert.com/2013/06/10-Facts-about-German-Church-Tax.html 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 34 Wikimedia commons / Canaletto (I) 006, DIRECTMEDIA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(I)_006.jpg?uselang=zh-tw 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 38 Wikimedia commons / Pantheon P1190526, David.Monniaux http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantheon_P1190526.jpg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣 3.0 版 38 St Laurenceludlow / General History http://www.stlaurences.org.uk/history-and-virtual-tour/general-history 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。 40 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://eng.kremlin.ru/events/chronicle/2007/05/128998.shtml; Author: Kremlin.ruhttp://eng.kremlin.ru/events/chronicle/2007/05/128998.shtml http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_Alexey_and_Laurus.jpg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示－相同方式分享」 3.0 版 41 The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleeve http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。 41 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/premier/albums/33221.html#photo=35393; Author: Press service of the government of Russia.http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/premier/albums/33221.html#photo=35393 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpeg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示」 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示」 3.0 版 41 “The church apologized for the deception on Thursday and restored … The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleeve / Michael Schwirtz http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。 版權聲明 56

57. 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 42 Wikimedia commons / Håkan Henriksson (Narking) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filaret-2008-08-19.jpg 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示」 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示」 3.0 版 44 Wikimedia commons / Source: White House (P012113SH-0578). Uploaded by odder. Author: White House/Sonya Hebert http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_second_swearing_in_ceremony_2013-01-21.jpg 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。 45 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/; Author: Pete Souza, White House photographerhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_National_Prayer_Breakfast_20090205.jpg 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。 47 flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitz https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/ 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示」臺灣 3.0 版 47 flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitz https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/ 本作品以創用 CC 「姓名標示」臺灣 3.0 版授權釋出。創用 CC 「姓名標示」臺灣 3.0 版 47 Wikimedia commons / Source: File:Views on Evolution.jpg; New Scientist Magazine, 19 April 2008, Vol. 198, No.2652, page 31: "Evolution myths: It doesn't matter if people don't grasp evolution“; New Scientist Magazine, 19 August 2006, Vol. 191, No.2565, page 11: "Why doesn't America believe in evolution?“; Author: Pbroks13 (talk) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Views_on_Evolution.svg 本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。 48 Disinfomation / Louisiana Middle School Textbooks On Dinosaurs, Earth, Creation http://disinfo.com/2012/11/louisiana-middle-school-textbooks-on-dinosaurs-earth-creation/ 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。 29 In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel surprised many with her … Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2014. / Europe, religion and politics Old world wars Apr 22nd 2014, 17:48 by B.C. http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/04/europe-religion-and-politics 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。 42 Orthodox Easter messages from … BBC / Ukraine unrest: Orthodox Easter messages show divide www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27093029 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/6/25 。 版權聲明 57

58. 頁碼作品版權標示來源 / 作者 49 12% believe Joan of Arc… harpers / The Christian paradox - How a faithful nation gets Jesus wrong, Bill McKibben http://harpers.org/archive/2005/08/the-christian-paradox/ 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。 51 Binyamin Netanyahu will push ahead … The guardian / Netanyahu pushes to define Israel as nation state of Jewish people only, Peter Beaumont http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/04/binyamin-netanyahu-israel-jewish-state 依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。 版權聲明 58