1. Chapter 10: Congress

14. What we already know…  Two Houses: Why?  House & Senate  Size  Qualifications  Elections? Terms? Limits?  Leadership  Speaker of the House  House Majority, Minority Leader  Senate Majority, Minority Leader

19. Comparative Government: Legislative Bodies

20. Apportionment The exact size of the House of Representatives, currently at 435 members, is determined by Congress. – The Reapportionment Act of 1929 set the “permanent” size of the House at 435 members, and provided for “automatic reapportionment.” The Constitution provides that the total number of seats in the House shall be apportioned (distributed) among the States on the basis of their respective populations. Article I of the Constitution directs Congress to reapportion—redistribute—the seats in the House after each decennial census (10 years).

21. Current Apportionment

22. Previous Reapportionment

23. Upcoming ReapportionmentReapportionment

24. Congressional Elections Congressional elections are held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November of each even-numbered year. Off-year (or midterm) elections are those congressional elections held between presidential elections.

25. 113 th U.S House of Representatives

28. 113 th U.S. Senate

31. Chapter 11: Powers of Congress

46. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 46 Chapter 11, Section 4 Penalty Checkpoint: What is the penalty if the President is impeached and convicted? –Convicted officials, including the President, are removed from office and can be banned from holding office again.

47. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 47 Chapter 11, Section 4 Executive Powers All major presidential appointments must be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate. –The Senate rarely rejects a Cabinet appointment, though candidates may be withdrawn. –The custom of senatorial courtesy means the Senate will only approve appointees supported by the Senators from the appointee’s state who belong to the President’s party.

49. Chapter 12: Congress in Action

50. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 50 Chapter 12, Section 1 Duties of Congressmen Legislators/Lawmakers Committee Members –Screen bills and make recommendations –Oversight function of governmental agencies 3. Representatives of their Constituents –Those who elect them 4. Servants of their Constituents 5. Politicians –Much time spent fundraising for future elections

51. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 51 Chapter 12, Section 1 Congressmen can vote as…

52. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 52 Chapter 12, Section 1 The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the House and the leader of its majority party, a powerful combination. Democrat Nancy Pelosi (right) was the first woman to serve as Speaker. Speaker of the House

53. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 53 Chapter 12, Section 1 Presiding Officers  Speaker of the House- doesn’t vote  Elected from the majority party  President of the Senate-Vice President  President Pro Tempore  Elected by the senate from majority party  Honorary position based on seniority  Floor Leaders (Majority, Minority)  Whips (Majority, Minority)  Party Caucus  Committee Chairmen  Seniority Rule-no longer the rule

54. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 54 Chapter 12, Section 1 Who’s Who in Congress Senate: President of Senate: Vice President Joe Biden President Pro Temp: Patrick Leahy (D-VT) Majority Leader: Harry Reid (D-NV) –Assistant Majority Leader: Dick Durbin (D-IL) Minority Leader: Mitch McConnell (R-KY) –Assistant Minority Leader: Jon Kyl (R-AZ)

55. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 55 Chapter 12, Section 1 U.S House Leadership contd House: Speaker of the House: John Boehner (R-OH), Majority Leader: Eric Cantor (R-VA) Majority Whip: Kevin McCarthy (Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) Minority Whip: Steny Hoyer (D-MD)

56. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 56 Chapter 12, Section 1 Compensation  Most Members: $174,000 per year (2013)  Senate Leadership Majority Leader - $193,400 Minority Leader - $193,400 House Leadership Speaker of the House - $223,500 Majority Leader - $193,400 Minority Leader - $193,400  The franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for the postage.

62. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 62 Chapter 12, Section 2 Select Committees Checkpoint: What is a select committee? –Select or special committees are typically temporary panels set up to investigate a specific issue. –The Senate Watergate Committee investigated the Watergate scandal. –The Iran-Contra Committee examined the arms-for- hostages deal and illegal aid to the Contras. –The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs uncovered corruption tied to lobbyists for Native American tribes.

63. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 63 Chapter 12, Section 2 Joint Committees, cont. Joint committees include members from both houses. Those shown in the chart are permanent groups, while others are select committees.

64. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 64 Chapter 12, Section 3 The First Steps Most bills are drafted in the executive branch or by special interest groups before being presented to members of Congress. Members often try to get support or cosponsors from members before introducing a proposed bill. All tax bills must begin in the House. House members introduce bills by dropping them into a hopper on the clerk’s desk.

65. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 65 Chapter 12, Section 3 First Reading Each bill is numbered by the clerk, given a short title summarizing its contents, and entered into the official record. After this first reading, the bill is assigned to a committee. –What does this cartoonist say about the political process?

66. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 66 Chapter 12, Section 3 What Does Congress Do?  Bills  Resolutions  Joint resolutions  Unusual or temporary measures  Constitutional amendments  Concurrent Resolutions  Jointly between the House and Senate  Not sent to the President  Resolutions  Rule of procedure or amendment to rule  Not sent to the President  Rider  Addition to a bill  Would not necessarily pass as own bill

67. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 67 Chapter 12, Section 3 Though not mentioned in the Constitution, committees play an essential role by filtering the many bills submitted to Congress. Most bills are pigeonholed. That is, they die in committee. The Bill in Committee

68. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 68 Chapter 12, Section 3 Committees refer bills to one of their subcommittees. Public hearings to gather data and hear testimony are held for key measures. Sometimes members of a sub- committee will take trips to research a bill. A Committee at Work

69. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 69 Chapter 12, Section 3 Committee Actions A committee can: –Report a bill with a “do pass” recommendation. –Pigeonhole the bill and kill it. –Report an amended version of the bill. –Report the bill with a “do not pass” recommendation. –Report a committee bill as a substitute for a bill referred to it.

70. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 70 Chapter 12, Section 3 The Bill on the Floor Minor bills get a brief second reading and are passed or defeated. Major bills are addressed on the House floor by the Committee of the Whole, which consists of at least 100 members. –The House session is suspended as the Committee reads the bill section by section, debating and possibly amending each section. –The House then returns to session to adopt the completed bill.

71. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 71 Chapter 12, Section 3 House members must have unanimous consent to speak for more than an hour. The Speaker can force a member to give up the floor. Any member can move for an up-or-down vote on an issue at any time. Debate

72. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 72 Chapter 12, Section 3 Voting in the House Checkpoint: What are the four types of votes that the House can take? –Voice votes in which the Speaker counts the “yes” and “no” votes. –A standing vote, where those in favor and against are counted by the clerk. –A roll-call vote that goes member by member can be demanded by one fifth of the members present. –The rare teller vote has a teller count the votes for each party.

73. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 73 Chapter 12, Section 4 Debate in the Senate There are few limits on floor debate in the Senate. In general, a senator can speak on the floor as long as he or she pleases about any topic that he or she wants to. However, no senator may speak more than twice on the same question on the same day. Many Senate bills are debated under a unanimous consent agreement that limits the amount of floor debate.

74. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 74 Chapter 12, Section 4 A bill introduced in the House follows the 4 steps shown in the graphic and then moves on to the Senate. Bills are often referred to more than one standing committee for study and approval. How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 1

75. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 75 Chapter 12, Section 4 How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 2 A bill introduced in the Senate begins with steps 5-7 and then moves to the House. –How does the lawmaking process for the Senate differ from that of the House?

76. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 76 Chapter 12, Section 4 Steps 8-9 are often not needed, as a bill approved by one house is often left unchanged by the second. The threat of a veto is often enough to block or force changes in a proposed bill. How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 3